Biological_Psychology_11_ATAR_Psychology

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77 Terms

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Biological Psychology

The scientific study of the biological foundations of behavior, emotions, and mental processes.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

The part of the nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord.

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, composed of somatic and autonomic divisions.

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

The division of the PNS that controls involuntary bodily functions.

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Somatic Nervous System

The division of the PNS that controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

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Dendrites

Branch-like extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.

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Soma (Cell Body)

The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and integrates incoming signals.

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Axon

The long projection of a neuron that transmits electrical impulses away from the soma.

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Axon Terminals

End points of axons that release neurotransmitters into the synapse.

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Myelin Sheath

A fatty layer that insulates axons and speeds up signal transmission.

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Neural Transmission

The process by which neurons communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals.

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Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across the synapse between neurons.

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Synapse

The junction between two neurons where neurotransmission occurs.

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Electrochemical Signal

A signal cycle involving an electrical impulse traveling down the neuron and neurotransmitter release in the synapse.

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Hindbrain

The part of the brain responsible for basic life functions; includes the medulla and cerebellum.

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Medulla Oblongata

Part of the hindbrain that regulates vital functions like breathing and heart rate.

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Cerebellum

Part of the hindbrain that coordinates voluntary movements and balance.

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Midbrain

The brain region that connects the hindbrain and forebrain; involved in sensory processing and motor control.

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Reticular Formation

A network of neurons in the midbrain that regulates arousal and sleep-wake cycles.

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Forebrain

The largest part of the brain; involved in complex functions such as thought, emotions, and voluntary actions.

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Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the forebrain responsible for higher-level cognitive functions.

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Corpus Callosum

A band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

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Contralateral Control

The principle that each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.

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Frontal Lobe

The brain region associated with reasoning, problem-solving, and planning.

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Parietal Lobe

The lobe responsible for processing sensory information related to touch and spatial awareness.

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Temporal Lobe

The lobe involved in processing auditory information and language comprehension.

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Occipital Lobe

The lobe responsible for visual processing and perception.

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Broca's Area

A region in the left frontal lobe associated with speech production.

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Wernicke's Area

A region in the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension.

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Phineas Gage

A historical case study illustrating the role of the frontal lobe in personality.

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Split-Brain Experiment

Research by Roger Sperry that investigated the functions of the left and right hemispheres.

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Frontal Lobotomy

A surgical procedure that severs connections in the prefrontal cortex; used historically to treat mental illness.

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A functional imaging technique that detects brain electrical activity using electrodes placed on the scalp.

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Computed Tomography (CT)

A structural imaging technique that creates cross-sectional images of the brain using X-rays.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A neuroimaging technique that uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of the brain's structure.

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A neuroimaging method that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.

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Neurons

Specialized cells of the nervous system that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals.

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Sensory Neurons

Neurons that carry sensory information from the body to the CNS.

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Motor Neurons

Neurons that transmit signals from the CNS to skeletal muscles and glands.

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Interneurons

Neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons and process information within the CNS.

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Action Potential

The electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron.

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Synaptic Cleft

The gap between two neurons where neurotransmission occurs.

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Localisation of Function

The theory that specific functions have particular locations within the brain.

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Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

The branch of the ANS that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

The branch of the ANS that calms the body and promotes 'rest and digest' functions.

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Temporal Resolution

The ability to detect when an event or change in brain activity occurs.

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Spatial Resolution

The ability to identify the exact location of brain activity.

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Cognitive Functions

Mental processes such as thinking, memory, attention, and language.

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Neuroimaging

Techniques used to visualize the structure and function of the brain.

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Executive Functions

Higher-order cognitive processes including planning, decision-making, and impulse control.

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Visual Cortex

The region of the occipital lobe responsible for processing visual information.

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Motor Cortex

The region of the frontal lobe responsible for planning and executing voluntary movements.

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Primary Auditory Cortex

The area of the temporal lobe that processes auditory information.

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Psychoactive Drugs

Substances that alter perception, mood, or cognitive functions by affecting neurotransmitter systems.

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Neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections.

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Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal physiological conditions.

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Cognition

The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and senses.

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Emotions

Complex psychological states that involve physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.

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Reflex Arc

The neural pathway that mediates a reflex action.

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Circadian Rhythms

The physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a daily cycle.

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Imaging techniques

Methods used to create images of the brain to examine its structure and functioning.

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Neurotransmission

The process of transferring signals from one neuron to another at the synapse.

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Resting Potential

The electrical charge difference across a neuron's membrane when it is not actively transmitting signals.

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Neural Network

A series of interconnected neurons that work together to process information.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid

The fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord.

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Neurogenesis

The process of generating new neurons in the brain.

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Developmental Plasticity

Changes in the brain that occur due to experiences, particularly during development.

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Cognitive Neuroscience

Interdisciplinary field that combines psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science to understand the brain's role in cognition.

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Mental Disorders

Conditions that affect a person's thinking, feeling, behavior, and mood.

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Amygdala

A brain structure involved in emotion regulation, particularly fear and pleasure.

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Hippocampus

A region of the brain important for memory formation.

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Endocrine System

The collection of glands that produce hormones regulating metabolism, growth, and development.

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Biological Rhythms

Regular fluctuations in biological functions that occur in cycles.

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Behavioral Neuroscience

The study of the relationship between behavior and the biological processes underlying it.

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Synaptic Plasticity

The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in activity.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A therapeutic approach that treats problems and enhances happiness by modifying dysfunctional emotions, behaviors, and thoughts.