Human Function 1

What is the anatomical position?

The starting point for describing movement or location, providing a universal language.

What does 'anterior' mean?

The front of the body.

What is meant by 'posterior'?

The backside of the body.

What does 'superficial' refer to?

Near the body surface.

What does 'deep' mean in anatomical terms?

Closer to the level of bone.

What does 'distal' indicate?

Away from the trunk.

What does 'proximal' mean?

Towards the trunk.

What does 'superior' refer to?

A body part that is above another.

What does 'inferior' mean?

A body part that is below another.

What is the supine position?

When a person is lying straight with the anterior surface pointed upwards.

What is the prone position?

When a person is lying straight with the anterior surface pointed downwards.

What is the sagittal plane of motion?

Divides the body into right and left parts, allowing for flexion and extension.

What is the transverse plane of motion?

Divides the body into superior and inferior parts, allowing for rotation.

What is an isometric contraction?

A contraction where the joint angle and muscle length do not change.

What is a concentric contraction?

A contraction where the joint angle changes with muscle shortening.

What is an eccentric contraction?

A contraction where the joint angle changes with muscle lengthening.

What is a hinge joint?

A joint that permits movement in one plane, such as flexion and extension, e.g., elbow and knee.

What is a ball and socket joint?

A joint that permits movement in multiple axes and planes, e.g., glenohumeral joint and hip.

What is the difference between closed chain and open chain activities?

Closed chain: distal segment is fixed and proximal segment moves; Open chain: proximal segment is fixed and distal segment moves.

What does the convex-concave rule state?

Convex on concave: arthrokinematic movement is opposite to osteokinematic movement; Concave on convex: both movements are in the same direction.

What is active insufficiency?

When a multi-joint muscle cannot be shortened anymore, limiting motion despite available joint range.

What is passive insufficiency?

When a multi-joint muscle cannot be lengthened anymore, limiting motion due to muscle length.

What are the primary muscles of the anterior trunk?

Rectus abdominis, internal abdominal oblique, external abdominal oblique, transverse abdominis.

What are the main regions of the vertebral column?

Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral (5 fused), Coccygeal (3-5 fused).

What is lordosis?

Anterior curvature of the cervical and lumbar spine.

What is kyphosis?

Posterior curvature of the thoracic and sacral spine.

What is scoliosis?

Lateral curvature of the spine.

What are the 4 muscles of Neck Flexion?

Rectus Capitis Anterior, Rectus Capitis Lateralis, Longus Capitis, and Longus Coli.

What are the 12 Muscles of Neck Extension?

Trapezius, Levator Scapulae, Splenius Capitis, Splenius Cervicis, Iliocostalis Cervicis, Longissimus Cervicis, Spinalis, Cervis, Semispinalis Capitis, Semispinalis Cervicis, Multifidus, Rectus Capitis Posterior Major, Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor, Obliquus Capitis Superior.

What are the 8 muscles of Neck Rotation?

Sternocleidomastoid, Splenius Capitis, Splenius Cervics, Semispinalis Capitis, Semispinalis Cervicis, Inferior Superior Anterior Scalenes.

What are the 7 Neck Lateral Flexion Muscles?

The Sternocleidomastoid, Middle Anterior and Posterior Scalenes, Levator Scapulae, Capitis and Cervics Splenius.

What are the 3 Trunk Flexion Muscles?

Rectus Abdominis, External and Internal Obliques.

What are the 7 trunk extensor Muscles?

Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis, Trapezius.

What are the 4 trunk Rotation Muscles?

External, Internal Obliques, Rectus Abdominis, Multifidus.

What are the 6 Trunk Lateral Flexion Muscles?

Quadratus Lumborum, External/Internal Obliques, Iliocostalis.

How many false ribs are there?

3 (8-10).

How many floating ribs are there?

2 pairs (11-12).

What is the joint that initiates Flexion and extension movement (yes)?

Atlantooccipital (AO) joint.

What is the joint that initiates No (rotation of the head)?

Atlantoaxial (AA) joint.

What is the joint that initiates the motion that varies between regions of the spinal column?

Intervertebral joints.

What joint is adjacent vertebral bodies vertically aligns intervertebral disc cushion between these?

Interbody joints.

What joint is formed by superior and inferior facets of adjacent joints, allow small motion between the vertebrae?

Zygapophyseal (facet) joints.

What joint connects between ribs and vertebrae, allowing gliding and rotation?

Costal joints.

What are the ligaments that enhance stability between the skull and mandible?

Stylomandibular, sphenomandibular, and temporomandibular ligaments.

What joint allows for elevation, depression, lateral deviation, protraction, and retraction of the mandible?

Temporomandibular Joints (TMJ).

What does 'medial' refer to?

A location near the midline of the body.

What does 'lateral' indicate?

A location or position farther from the midline.

What is the frontal plane of motion?

Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts, allowing for ab/adduction and lateral flexion.

What is arthrokinematics?

The study of how joint surfaces move in relation to one another.

How many true ribs do humans have?

7.