APUSH Terms (Period 7)

PERIOD 7

1890—————————1945

Beginning of Gilded Age——-Dropping of Atomic Bomb

[Scramble for Africa]

American Expansionism

PERIOD 7:

→Shift from internal expansion to becoming a global/imperial power

CONTEXT:

• Decades following Civil War→US gave little thought to foreign affairs

• President Benjamin Harrison argued that US was “an apart nation and so it should remain”

  • Following message of Washington’s Farewell Speech

Berlin Conference 1884

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Meeting where European powers got together and divided Africa amongst themselves in order to obtain more natural resources

• Also known as Scramble for Africa

What were the 3 factors that fueled American Imperialism?

1. Desire to showcase military strength 

2. Need for New Markets 

3. Belief in Cultural Superiority

What are the four types of Imperialism?

• Economic Imperialism

• Colonial (Militaristic) Imperialism

• Political Imperialism

• Cultural Imperialism

ALL FOR SOLE PURPOSE OF FINDING NEW MARKETS AND EXPLOITING RAW MATERIALS

Economic Imperialism

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Practice where industrialized nations exert control over weaker nations through economic dominance like trade manipulation and exploiting natural resources

• At end of 19th century US economy was booming, producing more than we could consume

  • Became interested in trading/selling our goods with new, international markets 

Often leads to colonial imperialism 

Why was Hawaii colonized?

PERIOD 7:

=For economic reasons

(place to refuel ships on long journeys)

Colonial (Militaristic) Imperialism

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Policy of acquiring foreign territories to establish direct political, economic, and social control (resource for extraction and market expansion)

• US began to expand and strengthen its military in order to protect new territories abroad

  • EXPANDED US Navy

• Alfred T. Mahan 

  • Economic development is tied directing to a powerful navy 

EXAMPLE: Building of 11 new battleships in 1 year (1896)

Often leads to Political Imperialism

Alfred T. Mahan

PERIOD 7:

=Naval officer who studied past civilizations and concluded that Sea Power=National Supremacy 

• Economic development is tied directing to a powerful navy 

Example of Colonial Imperialism?

PERIOD 7:

=Building of 11 powerful new steel battleships in ONE YEAR! (1896)

• ASTRONOMICAL GROWTH 

• Called the GREAT WHITE FLEET

  • White anti-corrosion paint 

  • Never used in Battle/Only for show

Political Imperialism

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Foreign policy where a nation exerts direct/indirect political, military, & administrative control to expand global power and security

• The US often gets involved in the affairs of other countries in order to control that country’s government 

  • EXAMPLE: Panama. The US gave weapons and economic aid to help Panama become independent from Colombia 

What is an example of Political Imperialism?

PERIOD 7:

=Panama.

• US gave weapons and economic aid to help Panama become independent from Colombia 

  • Isthmus (land surrounded by 2 bodies of water)

Cultural Imperialism

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Imposition of a dominant nation’s culture, values, beliefs, practices onto a subordinate society=resulting in erosion of local culture

• Also known as “The White Man’s Burden”

  • Coined by Rudyard Kipling in his poem

EXAMPLE: Pear Soap Advertisements

Example of Cultural Imperialism?

PERIOD 7:

=Pear Soap Advertisements

• Equated hygiene with white civilization saying it could “wash” away native cultures, thereby “civilizing” indigenous people

What 2 racial theories existed in period 7?

• Social Darwinism

• The White Man’s Burden

In the 1890’s, these racial theories were SEEN AS FACTUAL, NOT SATIRICAL

Social Darwinism

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Justification for Expansionism that contended that races, like biological species, struggled constantly for existence and that only the fittest could survive

(other races viewed as species, not races)

• For strong nations to dominate weak ones =accordance with biological laws

• Imperialist nations believed that they were morally and racially superior to those they subjugated 

What is Ota Benga an example of?

PERIOD 7:

=example of racial theories

• Kidnapped from the Congo  

• Brought to US

• Showcased in Human Zoo in St Louis and then sold to Bronx Zoo and was placed in the Monkey House

• Teeth filed to points to dehumanize, advertised as a Cannibal

• Was placed in a cage for the remainder of his stay

• He was purchased and given his freedom in 1906

• Haunted by trauma and took his own life 

Ota Benga

PERIOD 7:

=Man from the Congo Pygmy (Pig-mee) Group who was famously exhibited as a human; served as an example of racial theories

• Kidnapped from the Congo and brought to US

• Showcased in Human Zoo in St Louis and then sold to Bronx Zoo and was placed in the Monkey Ho5use

• Teeth filed to points to dehumanize, advertised as a Cannibal

• Was placed in a cage for the remainder of his stay

• He was purchased and given his freedom in 1906

• Haunted by trauma and took his own life 

Hawaii

PERIOD 7:

• Discovered by the British in 1795 by British explorer James Cook 

  • Disease killed majority (90%) of Hawaiians

• DESIRED FOR=Sugar Plantations 

• Hawaii had a Constitutional Monarchy before arrival of British

Annexed in 1898

James Cook

PERIOD 7:

=British explorer who discovered Hawaii

Reciprocity Treaty

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Treaty signed between King Kalakaua and US that granted a free-trade agreement for sugar

• 1875

Bayonet Constitution

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Legal document forced upon King Kalakaua that stripped his power by only allowing landowners to vote (which were the minority of Hawaiians)

• Disenfranchised the Hawaiian population in favor of plantation owners

• Allowed US to use Pearl Harbor

Disenfranchised

=Depriving of a right, privilege, or vote

What was Queen Liliuokalani’s goal during her reign?

PERIOD 7:

=Tried to restore power to her people by ending the  Bayonet Constitution and restoring native Hawaiians’ voting rights 

Queen Liliuokalani 

PERIOD 7:

=Last reigning monarch of Hawaii before its overthrow in 1893

• Known for her movement to restore indigenous power

Overthrow of Hawaii’s Monarchy?

PERIOD 7:

• 1893

• Sanford Dole worked with other American Planters with help from US marines to overthrow Hawaii

  • Made it seem like it was backed by US government

• To avoid bloodshed of her people, Queen Liliuokalani  surrendered without a shot being fired

  • Assumed she would be restored to power

• Put on house arrest. Retained title, but not power.

—Legally obtained, but not morally obtained—-

Sanford Dole

PERIOD 7:

=Politician who worked with American Planters and US Marines in order to overthrow Hawaii

• Wanted to protect the economic interests of American sugar plantation owners

Division about overthrow of Hawaii’s Monarchy?

PERIOD 7:

1. Former President Grover Cleveland called for an investigation into the overthrow and a congressional report found that the US personnel in Hawaii had abused their power

2. Despite this, current President William McKinley authorized the annexation of Hawaii

   • Many Americans supported this because their President did

Anti-Imperialist League

PERIOD 7:

• 1899

• Was the vocal MINORITY 

• Included Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers (labor leader), “Mark Twain” (author)

  • Mix of poor and wealthy, Democrats and Republicans

  • WERE THE OLDER GENERATION

What were the main arguments of the Imperialist Debate?

PERIOD 7:

• Violates basic tenants of Democracy 

  • Government by the consent of the governed 

• We were once a colony, we have no business colonizing others

  • Like GB

• Hostile to liberty, leads to militarism 

• Morally, some knew the Theory of Social Darwinism was inherently Supremacist 

Examples of Anti-Imperialist:

Benjamin Tillman=reasoned because of extreme white supremacy 

Mark Twain=reasoned because adherence to Washington’s message

The Spanish-American War

PERIOD 7:
DEFINITION: Unjustified war between America and Spain that was fought in the Philippine Islands, Puerto Rico, and Cuba (all of which were under Spanish control)

• America fought for cause of Imperialism

  • $50 million invested in sugar cane plantations on the island

• In 1895, Jose Mati (native Cuban) launched Cuban War for independence against Spain

• Rebel forces used guerrilla tactics against Spanish forces but the Spanish fought back depriving food to the Cubans

  • Tens of thousands of Cubans died of disease and starvation 

• US President William McKinley disregards his Senate because Cubans were not Americans 

  • “Their-Problem” mentality 

Why was America highly interested in owning Cuba?

PERIOD 7:

=$50 million invested in sugar cane plantations on the island 

Jose Mati

PERIOD 7:

=Native Cuban who launched the Cuban War for independence against Spanish

What 2 incidents prompted the US to join the Cuban War?

PERIOD 7:

1. The De Lome Letter 

2. The USS Maine Incident

The De Lome Letter 

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: One of the 2 incidents prompting American participation in the Cuban War

• Enrique Dupuy De Lome=was the Spanish minister to the US who wrote letter criticizing Present McKinley

• McKinley warned Spain that the US would intervene 

The USS Maine Incident

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: One of 2 incidents prompting American participation in Cuban War

• Happened after Lome Letter was published

• The battleship USS Maine is dispatched to Havana harbor where it exploded on February 15th, 1898

  • Killed 266 men out of a crew of 350  

• Yellow Journalists= gave the Maine overwhelming press coverage and prompted incensed Americans to mobilize for war

Yellow Journalism

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Practice of authors exaggerating and sensationalizing the news to sell papers

• Published false stories with no hard evidence

IN Spanish-American War:

• Called out Spanish without any evidence

• Prompted an incensed America to mobilize for war 

  • “Remember the Main, to hell with Spain”

EXAMPLE: William Randolph Hearst used this practice to become very powerful and wealthy during this war

OVER 2,000 American soldiers died in the Spanish-American War over misleading information 

William Randolph Hearst

PERIOD 7:

=Yellow Journalist who used yellow journalism to become very powerful and wealthy

• Newspaper coverage swayed America in favor of the Spanish-American War

Theodore Roosevelt Background?

PERIOD 7:

• Often referred to as the “Last Romantic”/“Teddy” Roosevelt /”Accidental President”

  • Lived by a code of heroism and honor 

  • Very dramatic and intense=big emotions

• FIRST Modern President 

  • To ride in a car, fly on a plane, win Nobel Peace Prize, invite an A.American (Booker T. Washington) to dine in White House

• Extremely wealthy as a child

• Father was Idol/Hero 

• Had severe asthma

  • Prevented him from doing simple activities, so he spent his early childhood reading 

  • Exercised heavily in order to overcome asthma, learned to NEVER BACKED DOWN

• Traveled the world; learned in culture 

• Gave back through museums (from hunting on trips)

• Enrolled in Harvard

  • Father died unexpectedly during his sophomore year 

  • Mourned by writing 12 HOURS PER DAY

    • WROTE Naval Warfare of 1812, regarded as one of best military history books written

Naval Warfare in 1812

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Book written by Theodore Roosevelt as he was mourning the death of his father

• Regarded as one of the best military books ever written

Alice Hathaway Lee

PERIOD 7:

=Became Theodore Roosevelt’s wife

• Love at first sight from Teddy’s perspective 

  • ABSOLUTELY smitten with her 

• REASON WHY Teddy entered politics

  • Became NY state assemblyman

  • Cracked down on corruption 

  • Targeted bosses in NY Political Machine

Theodore Roosevelt’s Early Political Career?

PERIOD 7:

• Became NY state assemblyman

• Cracked down on corruption 

• Targeted bosses in NY Political Machine

  • Hated by the citizens bc they loved these bosses

• When he returned back from the Dakotas, he was appointed Secretary of the Navy because of his successes of his book, Naval War of 1812

  • Then the USS Maine incident occurred 

  • Quit his position as Secretary of Navy and joined the Army 

    • Called Roosevelt’s Rough Riders (individuals he met in Dakotas and at Harvard)

Loss of Teddy’s Mother and Wife?

PERIOD 7:

• While in Albany, he received a telegraph to come home immediately 

  • Mother had worsening typhoid fever

    • He held his mother as she passed away. Never got to say goodbye.

  • Wife was about to give birth

    • Due to complications from childbirth, Alice suffered Bright’s Disease

    • Held her as she died in his arms

• Teddy then abandoned his life and traveled to the furthest possible point the train went 

• Spend the next 3 years living alone in the Dakota Territories (significant bc it was not a state yet)

Roosevelt’s Rough Riders

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Diverse volunteer regiment organized by Theodore Roosevelt to fight in the Spanish-American War

• Composed of individuals he met in the Dakotas and at Harvard

Teller Amendment

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Part of the declaration of the Spanish-American War passed on April 20, 1898 that promised that the U.S would not annex Cuba, but instead would leave control of the island to its people once independence was secured

• Commodore George Dewey sent a fleet to the Philippines capital, within 4 hours, Americans had conquered them with help from Emilio Aguinaldo

Emilio Aguinaldo

PERIOD 7:

=Filipino revolutionary that helped Americans take Manila

Buffalo Soldiers

PERIOD 7:

=All Black Cavalry unit that was the result of segregated U.S army policy

• Main reason the U.S won battle of San Juan Hill

• Played major role in Indian Wars

Battle of San Juan Hill

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Turning point in Spanish-American War

• Hill was captured by the Rough Riders and Buffalo Soldiers

Effects of Spanish-American War

PERIOD 7:

• Treaty of Paris 1898

  • Formally ended Spanish-American War

  • Forced Spain to give up control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam

• Sold the Philippines to the US for $20 million

Luis Munoz Rivera

PERIOD 7:

=Puerto Rican statesman who was a major figure in the US granting Puerto Rico their independence

• By reminding US of what it was like to desire/fight for independence under G.B

Civil Government of Puerto Rico

PERIOD 7:

Consisted of:

• Foraker Act

• Jones-Shafroth Act

Foraker Act

PERIOD 7:

• Passed in 1900

• Established a civil (not military) government in Puerto Rico

• U.S President could appoint governor and member of U.S HOR

Jones-Shafroth Act

PERIOD 7:

• Passed in 1917

  • Signed by President Wilson

• Officially recognized Puerto Ricans as U.S citizens  

  • No electoral votes, only popular

Civil Government of Cuba

PERIOD 7:

• U.S allowed Cuba to write its own constitution

  • Platt Amendment

• Cuba became a Protectorate of the US 

What is a Protectorate?

PERIOD 7:
DEFINITION: A state that is controlled and protected by another

• EXAMPLE: Cuba

Platt Amendment

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Amendment/condition added to the 1901 Cuban Constitution that stated that…

• Cuba could not make treaties with foreign nations that might control any of its territory

• U.S could intervene whenever we thought Cuba might need help 

• Cuba could not go into debt 

• U.S could buy or lease any land for naval bases and refueling stations 

Condition of the Philippines after Spanish-American War?

PERIOD 7:

• When rebellions started to occur, U.S troops forced Filipinos to live in concentration camps where they were tortured and starved to death 

• General Jacob Smith gave order to marines to kill any man over the age of 10 

  • Easier to assimilate them and educate them a certain way 

Why did General Jacob Smith give order to kill Filipino men over age of 10?

PERIOD 7:

=Because children 10 and under were easier to assimilate

General Jacob Smith

PERIOD 7:
=U.S army general known for his brutal tactics such as giving the order to kill any Filipino man over the age of 10

What was the Cost of the Philippine-American War?

PERIOD 7:

• It took 3 years to put down the rebellion

• 5,000 Americans died 

• 100,000 Filipinos died 

• Cost US $400 million

  • 20 times more than the price the U.S paid Spain for the land

Reforms and Broken Promises to Philippines?

PERIOD 7:

• In 1901, William Howard Taft became the first governor of the Philippines

  • Helped to build schools, roads, and bridges to establish order

• Sensitive to native concerns 

  • Passage of the Jones Act

The Jones Act

PERIOD 7:

=Pledged that the Philippines would eventually gain their independence 

• Doesn’t happen until the end of WW11 (45 years later) 

Insular Cases

PERIOD 7:

• 1901-1905

• Ruled that the Constitution and its protections did not follow the flag.

  • =A citizen living in a conquered territory did not necessarily have the protection of the Constitution 

• Described inhabitants of these conquered lands as, “alien races” that did not understand “anglo-saxon” principles

  • =Too dumb to understand democracy and laws

Why did the US want the Philippines?

ACCESS TO CHINA

• Place to refuel

Spheres of Influence

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: The geographical area within a foreign nation in which colonizers have control 

• Depicted by European powers dividing China

  • Japanese=Angular features

  • France=Flower piece

John Hay’s Open Door Notes

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Series of letters written by Secretary of State John Hay to European nations saying that in order to avoid monopolies, nations should share trading rights with China

• Prompted by fear that the US was missing out on potential trade with China

The Boxer Rebellion

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: A violent anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising in China led by the “Boxers” against imperialist expansion

• Staged rebellion killing foreign missionaries and Chinese Christians

• First time US is getting involved in an international alliance

  • Eight-Nation Alliance 

The Boxers

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Secret society of angry Chinese Nationals that was against foreigners and Chinese converts to Christianity

• Known as “The Order of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists”

• Staged rebellion to kill foreign missionaries and Chinese Christians 

What is the significance of the Boxer Rebellion?

=WAS THE FIRST TIME US GOT INVOLVED IN AN INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCE

• “Eight-Nation Alliance”

What happens after Theodore Roosevelt returns after the Battle of San Juan Hill?

PERIOD 7:

=Was known NATIONWIDE as a war hero 

• Asked to run as VP 

  • Did not want to run bc he thought it was a Lame Duck position; wanted to be a Secretary of War instead

Significance of President McKinley’s Assassination?

PERIOD 7:

• Teddy was only VP for 6 months when McKinley was shot

• McKinley marks 3 presidents killed in 35 years 

  • Demonstrates political instability

• Led to full-time protection of the President

  • Expands role of Secret Service

What is the goal of the Secret Service?

PERIOD 7:

=Protect against counterfeit money 

• Was created day President Lincoln was assassinated

Progressive Era

PERIOD 7:

• From 1900—1917

• Cornerstone of Progressive ideology=Faith in democracy 

• Progressives believed that society was capable of great achievements 

  • Believed that purposeful government intervention was necessary for advancements to take place

  • Believed majority of voters would elect honest officials 

What did Progressives believe?

PERIOD 7:

=That society was capable of great achievements 

=That purposeful government intervention was necessary for advancements to take place

=That majority of voters would elect honest officials 

Rock/Pebble Voting

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Non-secret method of voting where voters would cast a vote by placing a physical object into a container

• Before the method of secret ballot was adopted in 1910

• Suppressed voter turnout and kept minorities from voting

Paper Voting

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Non-secret method of voting where voters had to provide the paper and votes needed to be spelled correctly or they didn’t count

• Seen as cowardly

• Led to “Soap” Candidates where politicians would line up outside polling places and hand people pre-written ballots

  • Often employed by political bosses/machines

• Suppressed voter turnout and kept minorities from voting

• Before the method of secret ballot was adopted in 1910

Voting “Viva Voice”

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Non-secret method of voting where votes had to be spoken out loud

• If you didn’t do so, it was seen as cowardly

  • Kentucky required voters to vote “viva voice” until 1891

• Suppressed voter turnout and kept minorities from voting

• Before the method of secret ballot was adopted in 1910

What were “Soap” Candidates?

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Politicians who would line up outside polling places and hand people pre-written ballots

• Often employed by political bosses/machines

17 Amendment

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Amendment that required that all US senators be elected by popular vote

• Before this Amendment, U.S Senators were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by direct vote of the people 

  • Senate became a millionaires’ club dominated by big businesses

Theodore Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy

PERIOD 7:

• Russo-Japanese War

• The Gentleman’s Agreement

Russo-Japanese War

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: War fought over the territory of Manchuria and Korea 

• Was affecting U.S trade with China

• TR successfully brokered the peace negotiations to end this war

  • Ended up winning a Nobel Peace Prize

  • Helped boost America’s strength and reputation on the world stage 

The Gentlemen’s Agreement

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: An informal, diplomatic agreement between the U.S and Japan designed to restrict Japanese immigration to the U.S. in response to intense anti-Japanese discrimination in California

• Japan placed cap on the number of migrants able to go to US 

• US cracked down on ending segregating of Japanese students in public schools 

Theodore Roosevelt’s Domestic Policy?

PERIOD 7:

• “Square Deal”

• “Trust-busting”

• Roosevelt Corollary

Square Deal

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: President Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic policy built on "three C's"—conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection

• Aimed to limit the power of trusts, protect public health, and balance the interests of labor and capital

ESSENTIALLY STRICTER CONTROLS ON BIG BUSINESS

Trust-busting

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Practice of breaking up large monopolies and industrial trusts that restricted trade and stifled competition

• Part of Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic policy

Muckrakers

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Investigative journalists who were committed to exposing the darker side of society, scandal, corruption, and injustice

• Goal=Get public outraged in order to cause a stir in society to get the government to listen to the American people

Examples of Muckrakers

PERIOD 7:

• Jacob Riis (How Other Half Lives)

• Upton Sinclair (The Jungle) 

• Lincoln Steffens (The Shame of Cites)

  • Political corruption in cities

• Ida B. Tarbell (History of Standard Oil

  • Breaking monopolies

The Jungle

PERIOD 7:

• Book written by Muckraker Upton Sinclair

  • Led to the creation of FDA=Govt Agency responsible for standards of consumables

Example of Influential News Media

PERIOD 7:

• The Arena

• McClure’s Magazine

Both helped shape public opinion on corruption they exposed

Pure Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Govt Agency responsible for standards of consumables 

• Cocaine, Tape Worms, Gargling Oil

Anthracite Coal Strike (1902):

PERIOD 7:

• Caused many Americans to freeze to death 

• TR threatened to send the US Army to work in the coal mines if the bosses didn’t meet workers demands

  • UNCONSTITUTIONAL 

  • Led to 10% increase in pay 

  • FIRST time in US history that a President sided with American laborers

Women’s Suffrage

PERIOD 7:
WW1 had one of the largest impacts on allowing women to vote in the USA

• Argued that once women had the right to vote, war would become a thing of the past (because docile)

• In 1920, suffragists won ratification of the 19th Amendment 

National Reclamation Act of 1902

PERIOD 7:
DEFINITION: Law giving the federal government the power to decide where and how water would be distributed, especially in the arid Southwest 

• Funded irrigation projects

• Allows people to live in the middle of a desert 

What was the name of the National Park TR established?

PERIOD 7:

=Theodore Roosevelt National Park in North Dakota

• TR encouraged Congress to create National Park Service and the National Forest Service 

  • Big on conservation=Saving the earth

The Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Addition to the Monroe Doctrine declaring that the U.S would come to the aid of any Latin American nation experiencing financial or military trouble through threat of military force

• DONE FOR ECONOMIC CAUSE

• Switched from simply preventing European intervention to Justifying U.S. intervention to maintain regional stability

What was “Big-Stick Diplomacy”?

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: Imperialistic foreign policy based on the proverb "Speak softly and carry a big stick."

• Based on belief that it was America’s duty to “civilize” and “uplift” weaker areas of the world 

• Emphasized using active, intimidating military power to back up diplomatic negotiations

Panama Canal

PERIOD 7:

• Building the Panama Canal was dangerous

  • 5,600 workers died from accidents and disease (#1=malaria)

  • And its peak, the death toll reached 40 people per day 

  • Role of mosquito was detrimental to health of workers

  • Finished 1914 

  • Set maritime standard that no ship could be built wider than canal

=Panama chosen because we only needed to dig on 2 sides and did not need to carve through the whole land

How did the U.S obtain the Panama Canal?

PERIOD 7:

• Panama was owned by Colombia

  • Colombia was not willing to allow the US to create the Canal on their land 

• So U.S helped organize a rebellion 

• TR ordered nearly a dozen US Warships to surround Panama

  • The Panamanian government quickly signed an agreement to allow the US to build the Canal

What are the Progressive Amendments?

PERIOD 7:

• 16th Amendment (1913): Authorized Congress to levy a federal income tax.

• 17th Amendment (1913): Mandated direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote, reducing the power of state legislatures and political machines.

• 18th Amendment (1919): Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages (Prohibition).

• 19th Amendment (1920): Guaranteed women’s suffrage (right to vote) in federal and state elections.