bio recaps

Phylogeny

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms.

Phylogenetic trees

Diagrams that represent phylogeny, also referred to as the tree of life.

Taxonomy

The systematic study of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms based on their shared traits.

Domain

The highest taxonomic classification, consisting of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Levels of Taxonomic Classification

The hierarchy of organism classification includes Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

Species

The most specific taxonomic classification, defined as organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Imperfect flowers

Flowers that have individual male and female flowers in different locations on the plant.

Perfect Flowers

Flowers that have both male and female structures in one flower.

Stamen

The male part of a flower that bears pollen.

Anther

The part of the stamen that produces and releases pollen.

Filament

The stalk that supports the anther and makes it accessible to pollinators.

Carpel

The female part of a flower that contains egg-bearing structures.

Stigma

The sticky part of the carpel where pollen attaches during pollination.

Style

The tube that connects the stigma to the ovary in a flower.

Ovary

The protective structure that holds ovules in a flower, where eggs are fertilized.

Ovule

The egg-producing structure within the ovary of a flower.

Pollination

The transfer of pollen to the stigma, allowing fertilization of egg and sperm.

Pollen tube

A tube that develops from the pollen grain to extend sperm cells to the female egg in the ovule.

Double Fertilization

A unique process in angiosperms where one sperm fuses with the egg to become the embryo, and another sperm fuses with other cells to form endosperm.

Endosperm

The nutrient-rich tissue that supports the developing embryo in seeds.

Anatomy

The study of the integrated hardware of the body.

Physiology

The study of how a living organism's physical anatomy functions.

Cells

The smallest anatomical unit of life.

Tissues

Integrated groups of specialized cells that perform specific functions.

Organs

Structures made up of different tissue types working together for a common function.

Organ systems

Groups of organs that interact chemically and physically, representing the highest level of organization.

Respiratory System

The system in the body responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

Nasal passages

The airways that filter, warm, and moisten air entering the respiratory system.

Pharynx

The throat, part of the respiratory and digestive systems.

Larynx

The voice box, located in the respiratory system where vocal cords are found.

Trachea

The windpipe that conducts air to the bronchi.

Bronchi

The two main branches that bring air into the lungs.

Bronchioles

Small branches of the bronchi that lead to the alveoli.

Lungs

Major respiratory organs that facilitate gas exchange.

Alveoli

Tiny sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The component of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

All nervous tissue outside the CNS, connecting to distant body sites.

Immune System

The system in the body responsible for defending against infections.

Virus

An infectious particle that is considered nonliving because it does not contain cells.

Innate immunity

Non-specific defenses present from birth and always active.

Adaptive immunity

Specific immunity mediated by lymphocytes, providing long-lasting defense.

Humoral immunity

A component of adaptive immunity targeting free-floating pathogens.

Cell-mediated immunity

A component of adaptive immunity targeting infected or altered body cells.

Primary Immune response

The initial response when exposed to a specific pathogen, involving activation of T and B cells.

Secondary immune response

The response upon re-exposure to a specific pathogen, utilizing memory B cells.