bio recaps

Exam 1 Material (Chapters 16, 17, 18)
o Phylogeny – evolutionary history of a group of organisms
o Represented by diagrams called phylogenetic trees (tree of life)
o Taxonomy – systematic study of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms on the bases of their shared traits
o Levels of Taxonomic Classification (Largest to Smallest)
§ Domain – Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
§ Kingdom
§ Phylum
§ Class
§ Order
§ Family
§ Genus
§ Species (most specific)
• Organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Exam 2 Material (Chapters 24 & 25)
o Flower Structure (Sexual Reproduction)
o Imperfect flowers – have individual male and female flowers found in different locations on the plant
§ Corn
• Tassel (male, produces pollen)
• Ear (female, produces ovules = kernels)
o Perfect Flowers – have male and female structures found in one flower (more common)
§ Male (STAMEN) – pollen bearing structures that contain sperm
• Filament – supports anther & makes accessible to pollinators
• Anther – structure that produces and releases pollen
§ Female (CARPEL) – egg-bearing structures
• Stigma – sticky “landing pad” where pollen attaches at pollination
• Style - tube that connects stigma and ovary
• Ovary – protective structure that contains ovules, where eggs are fertilized, this tissue develops
into fruit after fertilization
• Ovule – egg producing structure
o Pollination – the physical transfer of pollen to stigma so that fertilization of egg and sperm can occur
o Involves pollen grain developing pollen tube to extend sperm cells to female egg in the ovule.
o Double Fertilization – type of sexual reproduction only observed in angiosperms (flowering plants)
o One sperm fuses with other cells in ovule to become endosperm.
§ Provides nutrients to developing embryo as seed develops before it sprouts
o The other sperm fuses with the egg and becomes the embryo, which will sprout into a new seedling
Exam 3 Material (Chapters 19, 26, 27, 28)
o Anatomy - study of the integrated hardware of the body
o Physiology – study of the way a living organism’s physical anatomy functions
o How is the human body organized?

o Levels of organization
§ Cells – smallest anatomical unit
§ Tissues – integrated groups of specialized cells
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• nervous
§ Organs – different tissue types working together to carry out common function
§ Organ systems – organs that interact chemically and physically
• Highest level of organization
Exam 4 Material (Chapters 29, 30, 31, 32)
o Respiratory System
o Functions: to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide
o Includes
o Nasal passages
o Pharynx (throat)
o Larynx (voice box, where vocal chords are located)
o Trachea (windpipe)
o Bronchi (two; bring air to inflate lungs)
o Bronchioles (branch from bronchi down to alveoli)
o Lungs
§ Major respiratory organ
§ Site of gas exchange between air and blood
• Alveoli (tiny membranous sacs that exchange gases)
o Site of interaction between cardiovascular and respiratory systems
o Central Nervous System
§ Function: sense and respond to stimuli in the environment, allows us to perceive and understand the world
around us, translates thought into actions
o Broken into 2 components:
o Central Nervous System (CNS)
§ Brain and spinal cord
§ Transmits signals between brain and body
• Nerves – long fibers of neurons and specialized tissue
o Transmit signals through the nervous system
§ Sensory input is received and integrated here
o Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
§ All the nervous tissue outside the central nervous system
§ Nerves to distant body sites (fingers and toes)
§ Sensory input is received here and relayed to CNS for processing
o Immune System
o Virus – infectious particle
o Considered nonliving – does not contain cells
o Route of infection
o Attachment
o Penetration
o Synthesis
o Assembly
o Release
o Immune System (composed of 2 parts)
o Innate immunity
o Non-specific defenses (first line of defense)
o Present from birth and are always active
§ Physical barriers
• Layers of tightly packed cells to prevent pathogens from entering the body
§ Chemical barriers
• Stomach acid, tears, saliva, complement proteins in blood
o Can destroy invading pathogens
o Adaptive immunity
o Mediated by specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes
o Composed of 2 components:
§ Humoral immunity – targets free-floating pathogens in bodily fluid
§ Cell-mediated immunity – targets infected or altered body cells

o Long-lasting immunity against specific pathogens
o Has memory component
§ Primary Immune response
• First time exposed to a specific pathogen
• T & B cells are activated
• Levels of antibodies increase
• Takes 7-10 days to develop (sick first go round)
§ Secondary immune response
• Occurs on second exposure to specific pathogen
• Memory B cells hop into action