AP Biology Unit 4

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16 Terms

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Cell Communication

Critical for the function and survival of cells, responsible for the growth and development of multicellular organisms.

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Direct Contact

Communication through cell junctions where signaling substances pass between adjacent cells, e.g., gap junctions in animal cells and plasmodesmata in plant cells.

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Paracrine Signaling

Local regulators released by secreting cells that cause a response in target cells at a short distance.

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Synaptic Signaling

Occurs in animal nervous systems where neurons secrete neurotransmitters to diffuse across the synaptic cleft to target cells.

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Hormones

Chemical messengers used for long distance signaling in animals and plants.

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Signal Transduction Pathway

A series of molecular events and reactions that lead to a cellular response after ligand-receptor binding.

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Phosphorylation

The addition of a phosphate group to a protein or other organic molecule, often modifying its activity.

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Dephosphorylation

The removal of a phosphate group from a molecule, often reversing the effect of phosphorylation.

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G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

A large family of cell surface receptors that play a role in sensory systems and signal transduction.

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Cell Cycle

The life cycle of a cell from its formation until it divides, consisting of interphase and mitotic phase.

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Mitosis

The process by which the nucleus of a cell divides, resulting in two identical diploid daughter cells.

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Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle

Regulatory points in the cell cycle that ensure proper division and functioning of the cell.

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Apoptosis

Programmed cell death, a process that is triggered when cells cannot repair damage.

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Benign Tumor

A mass of abnormal cells that do not spread to other parts of the body.

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Malignant Tumor

Cancerous cells that can spread to other parts of the body, often through metastasis.

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Homeostasis

The state of relatively stable internal conditions maintained by biological systems.