part 1 (starts at 1600 around?)

What questioning attitude emerged during the Scientific Revolution?

Challenged old scientific and astronomical beliefs.

What model did Copernicus develop?

Heliocentric Model (sun-centered universe).

Who popularized the heliocentric model and improved the telescope?

Galileo.

What did Isaac Newton prove and establish?

Proved the heliocentric model and established natural laws of the universe.

What did the Enlightenment challenge regarding government?

Divine right and absolute monarchies.

What natural rights did John Locke advocate for?

Life, liberty, and property.

What political concept did Baron de Montesquieu propose?

Separation of powers into three branches of government.

What is Jean-Jacques Rousseau known for?

Concept of social contract (government's right to rule comes from the people).

What did Voltaire champion?

Freedom of speech and separation of church and state.

What economic theory did Adam Smith advocate?

Laissez-faire economics, foundation of capitalism.

What rights did Mary Wollstonecraft argue for?

Women's rights.

What impact did Enlightenment ideas have?

Inspired the French Revolution and Latin American independence movements.

What social cause contributed to the French Revolution?

Three Estates system (First and Second Estates privileged, Third Estate heavily taxed).

What economic factors led to the French Revolution?

High bread prices, government debt from American Revolution, Versailles costs.

What was the National Assembly's role during the French Revolution?

Limited king's power and ended estate privileges. Tennis Court Oath marked its start.

What marked the radical phase of the French Revolution?

Reign of Terror led by Robespierre, widespread executions by guillotine.

How did Napoleon rise to power?

Overthrew revolutionary government and became dictator/Emperor.

What was the Napoleonic Code?

Established equality for citizens and religious toleration in French-controlled areas.

What impact did Napoleon have on the middle class?

Shifted power towards the middle class (bourgeoisie).

What inspired the Latin American Revolutions?

Enlightenment ideals of natural rights.

Who led the Haitian Revolution?

Toussaint Louverture.

Who was Simón Bolívar?

Led independence movements in northern South America, aimed to unite into 'Grand Colombia.'

What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?

Establish order and stability in Europe after Napoleon's defeat.

What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna?

Restore overthrown monarchies, suppress revolutionary and nationalist ideas, create a balance of power.