part 1 (starts at 1600 around?)

Here's a concise overview of key topics for your Global History 2 Regents exam, in "word: answer" format:

Scientific Revolution

* Questioning Attitude: Challenged old scientific and astronomical beliefs.

* Copernicus: Developed the Heliocentric Model (sun-centered universe).

* Galileo: Popularized the heliocentric model, improved the telescope.

* Isaac Newton: Proved heliocentric model, established natural laws of the universe.

The Enlightenment

* Questioning Government: Focused on challenging divine right and absolute monarchies.

* John Locke: Advocated for natural rights (life, liberty, property) and the right to revolution.

* Baron de Montesquieu: Proposed separation of powers into three branches of government.

* Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Concept of social contract (government's right to rule comes from the people).

* Voltaire: Championed freedom of speech and separation of church and state.

* Adam Smith: Advocated for Laissez-faire economics, foundation of capitalism.

* Mary Wollstonecraft: Argued for women's rights.

* Impact: Inspired the French Revolution and Latin American independence movements.

The French Revolution

* Causes (Social): Three Estates system (First and Second Estates privileged, Third Estate heavily taxed).

* Causes (Economic): High bread prices, government debt from American Revolution, Versailles costs.

* National Assembly: Moderate phase, limited king's power, ended estate privileges. Tennis Court Oath marked its start.

* Reign of Terror: Radical phase led by Robespierre, widespread executions by guillotine.

Napoleon Bonaparte

* Rise to Power: Overthrew revolutionary government, became dictator/Emperor.

* Napoleonic Code: Established equality for citizens, religious toleration in French-controlled areas.

* Impact: Shifted power towards the middle class (bourgeoisie).

Latin American Revolutions

* Inspiration: Enlightenment ideals of natural rights.

* Toussaint Louverture: Led the Haitian Revolution, fought for independence from France and abolished slavery.

* Simón Bolívar: Led independence movements in northern South America, aimed to unite into "Grand Colombia."

Congress of Vienna

* Purpose: Convened after Napoleon's defeat to establish order and stability in Europe.

* Goals: Restore overthrown monarchies, suppress revolutionary and nationalist ideas, create a balance of power.