Here's a concise overview of key topics for your Global History 2 Regents exam, in "word: answer" format:
Scientific Revolution
* Questioning Attitude: Challenged old scientific and astronomical beliefs.
* Copernicus: Developed the Heliocentric Model (sun-centered universe).
* Galileo: Popularized the heliocentric model, improved the telescope.
* Isaac Newton: Proved heliocentric model, established natural laws of the universe.
The Enlightenment
* Questioning Government: Focused on challenging divine right and absolute monarchies.
* John Locke: Advocated for natural rights (life, liberty, property) and the right to revolution.
* Baron de Montesquieu: Proposed separation of powers into three branches of government.
* Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Concept of social contract (government's right to rule comes from the people).
* Voltaire: Championed freedom of speech and separation of church and state.
* Adam Smith: Advocated for Laissez-faire economics, foundation of capitalism.
* Mary Wollstonecraft: Argued for women's rights.
* Impact: Inspired the French Revolution and Latin American independence movements.
The French Revolution
* Causes (Social): Three Estates system (First and Second Estates privileged, Third Estate heavily taxed).
* Causes (Economic): High bread prices, government debt from American Revolution, Versailles costs.
* National Assembly: Moderate phase, limited king's power, ended estate privileges. Tennis Court Oath marked its start.
* Reign of Terror: Radical phase led by Robespierre, widespread executions by guillotine.
Napoleon Bonaparte
* Rise to Power: Overthrew revolutionary government, became dictator/Emperor.
* Napoleonic Code: Established equality for citizens, religious toleration in French-controlled areas.
* Impact: Shifted power towards the middle class (bourgeoisie).
Latin American Revolutions
* Inspiration: Enlightenment ideals of natural rights.
* Toussaint Louverture: Led the Haitian Revolution, fought for independence from France and abolished slavery.
* Simón Bolívar: Led independence movements in northern South America, aimed to unite into "Grand Colombia."
Congress of Vienna
* Purpose: Convened after Napoleon's defeat to establish order and stability in Europe.
* Goals: Restore overthrown monarchies, suppress revolutionary and nationalist ideas, create a balance of power.