Treaties, Doctrines, Pacts & Treaties [1870’s-1930’s]

Treaty of Versailles

• Signed June 28, 1919

• Alsace and Lorraine went to France

• Saar and Rhineland shared between France and Germany

• Germany had to pay France 6.6 B Pounds in reparation

• Germany lost a lot of industrial land

• Was demilitarized (6 battleships, 100,000 troops, no tanks)

• Lost African colonies to being mandates

• War-guilt clause

• Resulted in Germany’s resentment towards major European powers

Treaty of Saint-Germain

• signed september 1919

• Country involved: Austria

• Lost land to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, Italy, Romania

Treaty of Neuilly

• signed in november 1919

• signed with Bulgaria

• lost territory to Greece, Yugoslavia and Romania

Treaty of Sevres

• August 1920

• Signed with Turkey

• Lost territory to Greece, Italy, France, and Britain

• Left the Darnadelles permanently open for trade and shipping

Treaty of Trianon

• signed in August 1920

• made with Turkey

• Merged countries and shifted boundaries with Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Romania

The Genoa Conference

• 1922

• David Lloyd George (Britain) wanted all the countries to meet in Italy to discuss German reparations

• The countries all backed out of the conference

• France was unwilling to compromise

• Germany was the first to back out, Russia second (wanting to build their relationship with Germany, resulted in the Rapallo Pact)

Rapallo Pact

• April 16th 1922

• renounced mutual territorial claims

• Germany recognized the bolsheviks as the government of Russia

Treaty of Lausanne

• July 24, 1923

• Set borders of Turkey, Greece, and Bulgaria

• Set Turkey as independent

• Turkey’s reparations were nullified

Locarno Conference/Treaties

• 1925

• Treaty of Mutual Guarantee: Stated Britain and Italy would assist France in the event that they fell victim to acts of aggression from Germany, but the terms werent binding; France has false security

• Aims: creating stability in Europe

Dawes Plan

• 1924

• Aims: reasoning with France about occupying the Ruhr

• France withdrew from the Ruhr, under the implication that Germany would pay their reparations

Kellogg-Briand Pact

• 1928

• Aims: to renounce war

• Outcome: the treaty didn’t outline what would happen if a country broke the pact, and it rendered it useless

Young Plan

• 1929

• France wanted to reduce Germany’s reparations

• Outcome: Germany’s owed reparations went from 6.6B to 2B

World Disarmament Conference

• 1932-1933

• Aims: reducing arms

• Germany pulled out to rearm as they were the only country to follow the terms of the TOV and WDC

• outcome: ended in disarray; countries decided it was more important to protect their national security than avoid an arms race

Monroe Doctrine

• 1823

• The U.S. & western hemisphere established isolationism against european affairs

• any attempt from Europe to involve themselves in western affairs would be seen as a threat, and the U.S. would intervene

• The U.S. vs Russia dispute over ownership of Alaska was the fuel for this doctrine

Platt Amendment

• Post Spanish-American war

• U.S. claims Guam, P.R., and the Phillipines

• Cuba was forced to agree with the amendment to get protection from the U.S. and add it to their constitution

Treaty of Portsmouth

• Ended the Russo-Japanese war

• Japanese presence in South Manchuria & Korea was recognized

• Last event of U.S. & Japanese cooperation

• Part of Korea is controlled by Japan

Paris Peace Conference

• took place post-WW1 to settle disputes

• Germany was blamed for starting WW1, therefore not invited

• Russia wasnt invited due to the rise of communism

Anglo-German Naval Agreement

• Britain and Germany made the agreement to allow Germany to make its army 35% of Britains army.

• A part of Britain’s appeasement towards Germany

Conference of Berlin

• 13 states came together to discuss a treaty regarding the divide of Africa

• began as peaceful but ended in chaos

Treaty of Berlin

• abolished slavery

• officially stating what land was taken and it being recognized by other Euroopean countries

• keeping the trade routes (Suez) open