HHD Unit 3 and 4

Health and wellbeing

The state of a person's physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence and is characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.

Dynamic

Constantly changing and has the potential to improve or worsen rapidly (but often gradually occurs).

Subjective

Influenced by or based on personal beliefs, feelings or opinions.

Physical health and wellbeing

Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems, it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.

Social health and wellbeing

Relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations. It also includes the level of support provided by family and within a community to ensure that every person has equal opportunity to function as a contributing member of the society.

Emotional health and wellbeing

Relates to the ability to express emotions and feelings in a positive way. Emotional health and wellbeing is about the positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions as well as the ability to display resilience. Emotional health and wellbeing is the degree to which an individual feels emotionally secure and relaxed in everyday life.

Mental health and wellbeing

The current state of wellbeing relating to a person's mind or brain and the ability to think and process information. A mentally healthy brain enables an individual to positively form opinions, make decisions and use logic.

Spiritual health and wellbeing

Relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on your place in the world.

Importance of hwb for individuals

Work productively

Gain an education

Earn an income

Exercise

Effectively run a household

Spend time with friends

Work towards their purpose in life

Increase leisure time

Live independently

Sleep well

Importance of hwb nationally

Longer, healthier lives

Health system savings

Fewer people relying on social security

Increased productivity

Higher average incomes

Reduced stress and anxiety in the community

Increased social participation

Importance of hwb globally

Reduces risk of disease transmission between countries

Assists in promoting peace and security

Promotes economic development

Promotes social development

Promotes sustainability

WHO prerequisites for health

peace, shelter, education, food, income, stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice and equity

Food security

The state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local non-emergency sources.

Social justice

Equal rights for all, regardless of personal traits such as sex, class and income, ethnicity, religion, age or sexual orientation.

Equity

Relates to fairness and taking unfair circumstances into account

Health Status

An individual's or a population's overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.

Self-assessed health status

An individual's own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general. It is commonly sourced from population surveys.

Life expectancy

The number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change.

Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

The average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health; that is, time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury.

Mortality

The number of deaths in a population in a given period.

Mortality rate

The measure of the proportion of a population who die in a one-year period (usually per 100 000).

Infant mortality rate

Rate of deaths of infants before their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births.

Under-five mortality rate (U5MR)

Number of children that die before their fifth birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births.

Maternal mortality ratio

The number of mothers who die as a result of pregnancy, childbirth or associated treatment per 100 000 women who give birth.

Morbidity

Ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group (often expressed through prevalence and incidence).

Incidence

Refers to the number (or rate) of new cases of a disease/condition in a population during a given period.

Prevalence

Total number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

Burden of Disease (BOD)

A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the DALY.

Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY)

A measure of burden of disease, one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.

Years of life lost (YLL)

A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death.

Years lost due to disability (YLD)

A measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to illness, injury or disability.

Smoking leads to:

Cardiovascular disease

Cancer

Prenatal/infant health outcomes

Respiratory conditions (asthma, emphysema)

Increased risk of infection

Alcohol leads to:

High BMI

Cancer

Liver disease

Injuries

Mental health issues

Prenatal/infant health conditions

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A statistical measure of body mass calculated by dividing weight by height w/h^2.

High BMI

A weight that is above a healthy range. 25-29.9 overweight, 30 and over obese.

High BMI leads to:

Cardiovascular disease

Cancers

Type 2 diabetes

Chronic kidney disease

Arthritis and osteoporosis

Asthma

Mental health issues

Maternal health conditions

Underconsumption of vegetables

High BMI

Cancer

Cardiovascular disease

Neural tube defects

Underconsumption of fruit

High BMI

Cancer

Cardiovascular disease

Neural tube defects

Underconsumption of dairy

Osteoporosis

Cardiovascular disease

Colorectal cancer

Type 2 diabetes

Dental caries

High intake of fat leads to:

High BMI

Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease

Colorectal cancer

Type 2 diabetes

High intake of salt leads to:

Hypertension

Cardiovascular disease

Osteoporosis

High intake of sugar leads to:

High BMI

Dental carries/periodontitis

Low intake of fibre leads to:

High BMI

Colorectal cancer

Cardiovascular disease

Type 2 diabetes

Low intake of iron leads to:

Anaemia

Biological factors

Factors relating to the body that impact on health and wellbeing, such as genetics, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, birth weight.

Biological factors are:

Body weight

Blood pressure

Blood cholesterol

Glucose regulation

Birth weight

Genetics

Sociocultural factors

The social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age.

Sociocultural factors are:

Access to healthcare

Food security

Socio-economic status (income, occupation, education)

Social exclusion/isolation

Unemployment

Early life experiences

Cultural norms

Environmental factors

The physical surroundings in which we live, work and play.

Environmental factors are:

Work environment

Urban design and infrastructure

Climate and climate change

Housing geographical location

Infectious disease

Diseases caused by micro-organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi, that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.

Public Health

The ways in which governments monitor, regulate and promote health and wellbeing and prevent illness.

Old public health

Government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal, improved nutrition, improved housing conditions and better work conditions.

Old pubic health polices/practices

Improved water and sanitation

Better quality housing and fewer slums

Better quality food and nutrition

Introduction of quarantine laws

Safer working conditions

More hygienic birthing practices

Provision of antenatal and infant welfare services

Mass immunisation programs

Health promotion

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.

Biomedical approach to health

Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.

New public health

An approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour change to one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health. Also referred to as the social model of health.

Social model of health

An approach that recognises improvements in health and wellbeing can only be achieved by directing effort towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individuals and population groups.

Principles of the social model of health

Addresses the broader determinants of health

Acts to reduce social inequities

Empowers individuals and communities

Acts to enable access to health care

Involves inter-sectoral collaboration

Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

An approach to health developed by the World Health Organization that aims to reduce inequalities in health. It reflects the social model of health and provides five action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health status, all of which are centred around three strategies for health promotion which are enabling, mediating and advocacy.

Strategies for health promotion

Advocate

Enable

Mediate

Action areas of the Ottawa Charter

Build healthy public policy

Create supportive environments

Strengthen community action

Develop personal skills

Reorient health services

Medicare

Australia's universal health insurance scheme that aims to provide access to affordable healthcare in what is known as the public health sector.

Schedule fee

The amount that Medicare contributes towards certain consultations and treatments. The government decides what each item is worth and that's what Medicare pays. Doctors and private hospitals may choose to charge more than the schedule fee.

Patient co-payment

The payment made by the consumer for health products or services in addition to the amount paid by the government.

Bulk Billed

When the doctor or specialist charges only the schedule fee. The payment is claimed directly from Medicare so there are no out-of-pocket expenses for the patient.

Medicare Benefits Scheme

Document that lists the range of services covered and the amount that Medicare will contribute to each

Services covered by Medicare

Doctor and specialist consultations

Most surgical and other therapeutic procedures performed by general practitioners

X-rays

Eye tests performed by optometrists

Pathology (blood and urine tests)

Fee-free treatment and accomodation in public hospitals

75% of the schedule fee for treatment in a private hospital

Medicare Safety Net

Ensures that people who require frequent services covered by Medicare, such as doctor's visits and tests, receive additional financial support once there individual or family co-payments reaches a certain level.

Medicare is funded by:

General taxation

Medicare levy

Medicare levy surcharge

Medicare Levy

Additional 2% tax placed on the taxable income of most taxpayers.

Medicare levy surcharge

Extra 1-1.5% on high income earners (90,000 180,000) who don't have private health insurance.

Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme

Federal government funded scheme that subsidises the cost of certain medications.

PBS safety net

Once an person or their immediate family have spent a certain amount within a calendar year on PBS listed medicines they are given them at the concession price.

National Disability Insurance Scheme

A national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers.

NDIS Requirements

Age, residency and disability requirements.

Private Health Insurance

Type of insurance under which members pay a premium (or fee) in return for payment towards health-related costs not covered by Medicare.

NDIS does:

Access mainstream services and support

Access community services and support

Maintain informal support arrangements

Receive reasonable and necessary funded supports

Private health insurance incentives

Private health insurance rebate, lifetime health cover, medicare levy surcharge, aged-based discount.

Private health insurance rebate

Policy holders receive an income based rebate.

Lifetime health cover

People who take up private health insurance after the age of 31 pay an extra 2% on their premiums for every year they are over the age of 30. After 10 years of having private health insurance the loading is removed.

Aged-based discount

Young people aged 18-29 are eligible for a 2% discount in premiums (hospital cover) for each year they are under 30, to a maximum of 10%.

Medicare doesn't cover:

Cosmetic procedures

Most costs of private hospital care

Most dental examination/treatment

Home nursing care

Ambulance services

Most allied health services

Alternative medicines (chiro, acupuncture)

Health related aids (glasses, contacts, hearing aids)

Funding and the role of Australia's health system

Financial resources that are provided to keep health system adequate staffed and resourced to ensure a high level of care.

Sustainability and the role of Australia's health system

System must be equipped to ensure a high level of quality that can meet the needs of the present without compromising the future generations in meeting their own needs.

Access and the role of Australia's health system

A system that enables all people to access high quality services regardless of ability to pay or where they live.

Equity and the role of Australia's health system

Ensuring that everyone is on an even playing field by offering extra support for people in need so that they can have the same opportunities in life as everyone else.

Why is smoking targeted?

Contributes significantly to mortality rates

Contributes significantly to social and economic costs

Preventable risk factor for many conditions

Smoking data

Smoking rates decline from around 44% (males) and 33% (females) in 1976 to 16.5% (males) and 11.1% (females) in 2017-18.

Effectiveness of a program

Actual improvements in hwb dimensions

Number of people who have accessed/involved

feedback

Action areas of Ottawa Charter

Whether it is culturally appropriate

Whether it has taken in specific needs of target group

Funding

Whether it addresses a significant health issue

Australian Dietary Guidelines - Guideline 1

To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs.

Australian Dietary Guidelines - Guideline 2

Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods, from these five food groups every day and drink plenty of water.

Australian Dietary Guidelines - Guideline 3

Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.

Australian Dietary Guidelines - Guideline 4

Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding.

Australian Dietary Guidelines - Guideline 5

Care for your food; prepare and store it safely

Australian Guide to Healthy Eating

A food selection guide which visually represents the proportion of the five food groups recommended for consumption each day.

Nutrition Australia

Healthy eating advisory service

National nutrition week campaign

Educational resources

Nutrition seminars

Webinars for health promotions

Publication of recipes

Healthy eating pyramid

Healthy Eating Pyramid

A simple visual guide to the types and proportion of foods that we should eat every day for good health based on ADGs

Challenges in Dietary Change

Food security

Willpower

Attitudes/beliefs

Personal preference

Influences of family, culture, society, religion

Food marketing

Health and wellbeing factors

Time constraints/convenience

Education, nutrition, cooking skills

Gross National Income

The total value of goods and services a country's citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country.