Cardiovascular and Respiratory System

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32 Terms

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Isometric

Muscle length remains the same while tension is present, such as holding a weight in a steady position.

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Concentric

Muscle shortens while maintaining tension, as seen when curling a bicep.

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Eccentric

Muscle lengthens while maintaining tension, for example, stepping back down from a box.

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Oxygenated Blood

Blood rich in oxygen that travels from the lungs to the heart and then to the body.

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Deoxygenated Blood

Blood low in oxygen that returns from the body to the heart and is sent to the lungs for oxygenation.

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Right Atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

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Right Ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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Left Atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

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Left Ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

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Atrioventricular Valves

Separates atrium and ventricles and prevents backflow of blood into the atria.

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Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

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White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Part of the immune system, defending against infections.

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Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Involved in blood clotting to prevent bleeding.

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Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels, increasing blood flow and decreasing blood pressure.

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Heart Rate (HR)

The number of times the heart beats per minute.

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Cardiac Output (Q)

The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, calculated as HR × stroke volume.

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Blood Pressure (BP)

The force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels, measured as systolic over diastolic.

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Diaphragm

A dome-shaped muscle beneath the lungs that contracts to aid in inhalation and exhalation.

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Gaseous Exchange

Process of oxygen entering blood and carbon dioxide being expelled, occurs primarily in the alveoli.

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Respiratory Rate (RR)

The number of breaths taken per minute.

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Ventilation (V)

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs, essential for gas exchange.

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Bronchi

Branches from the trachea to each lung; conduct air to the lungs.

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Trachea

The windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi.

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Larynx

Contains vocal cords; involved in sound production.

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Pharynx

The throat; a passageway for air and food.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Arteries

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, have thick muscular walls.

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Veins

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, have thinner walls and valves.

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Capillaries

Tiny vessels where nutrient and gas exchange occurs, walls are one cell thick.

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Tital Volume

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath. It is typically around 500 mL in a healthy adult.

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Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure and reduces blood flow to certain areas of the body.

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VO2 max

The maximum rate of oxygen consumption during intense exercise, reflecting the cardiovascular and respiratory systems' efficiency.