Cardiovascular and Respiratory System

Isometric

Muscle length remains the same while tension is present, such as holding a weight in a steady position.

Concentric

Muscle shortens while maintaining tension, as seen when curling a bicep.

Eccentric

Muscle lengthens while maintaining tension, for example, stepping back down from a box.

Oxygenated Blood

Blood rich in oxygen that travels from the lungs to the heart and then to the body.

Deoxygenated Blood

Blood low in oxygen that returns from the body to the heart and is sent to the lungs for oxygenation.

Right Atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

Right Ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Left Atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Left Ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

Atrioventricular Valves

Separates atrium and ventricles and prevents backflow of blood into the atria.

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Part of the immune system, defending against infections.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Involved in blood clotting to prevent bleeding.

Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels, increasing blood flow and decreasing blood pressure.

Heart Rate (HR)

The number of times the heart beats per minute.

Cardiac Output (Q)

The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, calculated as HR × stroke volume.

Blood Pressure (BP)

The force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels, measured as systolic over diastolic.

Diaphragm

A dome-shaped muscle beneath the lungs that contracts to aid in inhalation and exhalation.

Gaseous Exchange

Process of oxygen entering blood and carbon dioxide being expelled, occurs primarily in the alveoli.

Respiratory Rate (RR)

The number of breaths taken per minute.

Ventilation (V)

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs, essential for gas exchange.

Bronchi

Branches from the trachea to each lung; conduct air to the lungs.

Trachea

The windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi.

Larynx

Contains vocal cords; involved in sound production.

Pharynx

The throat; a passageway for air and food.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Arteries

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, have thick muscular walls.

Veins

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, have thinner walls and valves.

Capillaries

Tiny vessels where nutrient and gas exchange occurs, walls are one cell thick.

Tital Volume

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath. It is typically around 500 mL in a healthy adult.

Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure and reduces blood flow to certain areas of the body.

VO2 max

The maximum rate of oxygen consumption during intense exercise, reflecting the cardiovascular and respiratory systems' efficiency.