Cardiovascular and Respiratory System

• Isometric
  The muscle's length remains the same, even though there is tension in the muscle. For example, when you hold a weight at a steady position, your bicep muscle contracts isometrically. 
  
  
  

• Concentric
  The muscle shortens while maintaining tension. For example, when you curl your bicep, the muscle shortens to move your arm toward your body. 
  
  
  

• Eccentric
  The muscle lengthens while maintaining tension. For example, when you step back down from a box, your quadriceps lengthen under load.

Blood Flow (Oxygenated and Deoxygenated)

- Oxygenated Blood: Blood rich in oxygen travels from the lungs to the heart and then to the body.

- Deoxygenated Blood: Blood low in oxygen returns from the body to the heart and is sent to the lungs for oxygenation.

Names of Chambers of the Heart

1. Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

2. Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

3. Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

4. Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

Atrioventricular Valves (Names and Purpose)

Separates atrium and vertices and reverts backflow of blood into the atria

Different Blood Cells (Names and Purpose)

1. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

2. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Part of the immune system, defending against infections.

3. Platelets (Thrombocytes): Involved in blood clotting to prevent bleeding.

Blood vessels dilate, or widen, to increase blood flow and oxygen delivery to parts of the body that need it most.

Stroke Volume = Beats

Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels, which increases blood flow and decreases blood pressure, often in response to factors like heat or certain medications.

Heart Rate (HR)

The number of times the heart beats per minute, indicating how fast blood is pumped throughout the body.

Cardiac Output (Q)

The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, calculated as HR × stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped with each beat).

Blood Pressure (BP)

The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, measured as systolic (pressure during heartbeats) over diastolic (pressure between beats).

Diaphragm (Role and Purpose)

A dome-shaped muscle beneath the lungs that contracts to create negative pressure in the chest cavity, aiding in inhalation and exhalation.

Gaseous Exchange (Purpose and Location)

The process of oxygen entering the blood and carbon dioxide being expelled occurs primarily in the alveoli of the lungs.

Respiratory Rate (RR)

The number of breaths taken per minute, indicating the efficiency of breathing and the body's oxygen demands.

Ventilation (V)

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs, essential for gas exchange.

Bronchi, Trachea, Larynx, Pharynx, and Alveoli (Purpose and Characteristics)

Bronchi: Branch from the trachea to each lung; conduct air to the lungs.

Trachea: The windpipe; connects the larynx to the bronchi, ensuring air passage.

Larynx: Contains vocal cords; involved in sound production and protects the trachea against food aspiration.

Pharynx: The throat; a passageway for air and food.

Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs; characterized by thin walls for efficient diffusion.

Blood Vessels: Arteries, Veins, Capillaries (Purpose and Characteristics)

- Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary arteries); have thick, muscular walls.

- Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (except pulmonary veins); have thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow.

- Capillaries: Tiny vessels where nutrient and gas exchange occurs; walls are one cell thick to facilitate diffusion.

Generally, arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from

the heart,

veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart,

capillaries are the smallest vessels and are the site of gaseous exchange between the blood and the body’s tissues.