APUSH: U11 PT 2 (c)

The New Left

A large group of educated young adults of varying backgrounds that advocated for large changes in American politics as well as helped the social status of many minority groups.

• This group was mainly inspired by the Civil Rights Movement.

SDS (Students for a Democratic Society)

An organization created in Michigan by college students from around the nation that organized the majority of the New Left's social and political protests.

• This group was extremely against the national draft and the Vietnam War.

Port Huron Statement

A declaration of beliefs created by the Students for a Democratic Society that detailed their unhappiness with the current societal standards and showed their determination for a change in the political system at the time.

Counterculture

Much of the youth during the 1960s were determined to behave very differently than the generation before them.

• Drug use and less interest in personal appearances were main components of this belief.

• Less strict regards to sexuality and the increased interest in Rock and Roll also became apparent from this idea.

• Hippies embodied this new lifestyle.

Sexual Revolution

A new social outlook to sex and differences in gender that occurred because of the new use of birth control medicine and abortions.

• This outlook gave people the ability to follow their instincts and desires even if it was against previously accepted standards.

Woodstock

A rock and roll concert that blended rock music and the new beliefs of younger Americans into one large and very successful event.

Cesar Chavez

Mexican American farm worker that organized the United Farm Workers union that was mostly comprised of Latin Americans.

• Most farms did not recognize this union so this man started boycotts of certain farm products until his union became recognized.

• These efforts were mostly successful and the United Farm Workers became a very successful Latin American union.

Melting Pot

A society in which people of different nationalities and cultures blend together to form one very diverse community.

• These types of societies usually have problems at first, but become extremely effective ways to experience all forms of human life.

Multiculturalism

A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions.

Stonewall Riot

A New York City bar was being repeatedly harassed by the local police force because the bar was for homosexuals.

• Riots created by the homosexuals at the bar started to occur frequently because of the police harassment.

New Feminism

A while after the women suffrage movement, many Americans started to advocate for better treatment of women as well as equal respect and rights for women.

• This movement helped establish many Civil Rights Acts that helped empower American women.

The Feminine Mystique

A publication made by Betty Friedan that voiced the opinion of many American women that they were not getting the respect and rights that they deserved.

• This publication was one of the first signs of the growing feminism movement.

Betty Friedan

Writer of the Feminine Mystique and co-founder of the National Organization for Women that advocated for an increase in female employment and education as well as the removal of gender discrimination in society.

NOW (National Organization of Women)

The largest and most influential feminist movement in America that advocated for increased education and employment of women, the destruction of gender spheres, and the removal of gender bias from the workplace.

Sandra Day O'Conner

The first female Supreme Court Justice appointed by Ronald Reagan.

Geraldine Ferraro

The Democratic Party's vice presidential candidate in 1984.

ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)

A proposed amendment by Congress that many feminists were strongly hoping to get ratified.

• The amendment eventually lost popularity because of some women who wanted traditional social patterns to stay prevalent. — Therefore it was never ratified.

Roe v Wade

A Supreme Court Case ruling that women were able to have an abortion performed on their unborn child within the first three months of pregnancy.

• This was an extremely controversial case that still has attention drawn to it today.

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

An agency created by the Nixon administration that enforced corporations and businesses to adopt many different anti-pollution standards in order to help fight environmental degradation. (great idea, too bad its really corrupt today)

Henry Kissinger

A national security adviser to President Nixon that played a large role in trying to win the war in Vietnam.

• He advocated for the removal of the Selective Service Act and the training of South Vietnam soldiers to be mostly responsible for fighting the war.

Vietnamization

President Nixon and Henry Kissinger's attempt to make the United States military train the South Vietnam soldiers in combat so that American involvement in the Vietnam War would decrease.

• This plan did decrease American involvement, but failed miserably to try to end the war.

Cambodian Invasion

President Nixon ordered for the United States military to invade Cambodia, a neighboring "neutral" country of Vietnam that had multiple North Vietnamese strongholds in it.

• The Americans set up a pro-American government in Cambodia and then broadcasted their so called success in destroying North Vietnam bases in Cambodia.

• This event made opposition to the war grow to an unprecedented extent.

Kent State University

An Ohio college where the National Guard killed four college students and injured several more because of their anti-war demonstrations on college campus.

• This sparked even more opposition to the Vietnam War.

Daniel Ellsberg

A former Department of Defense official that leaked the Pentagon papers to the public which explained America's falsifications of the war and that America was actually doing many illegal things in order to continue fighting the war.

The Pentagon Papers

A secret study conducted by the Department of Defense that concluded many actions of the American government in the Vietnam War to be extremely illegal.

• These crimes included falsifications of war progress, the overuse of power by the President during the war, the murders of thousands of innocent individuals in Vietnam on purpose, and more.

Nixon's China Visit

President Nixon decided to go meet with the Chinese communist government in China.

• This meeting made The United States and The United Nations start to acknowledge the communist government in China and expel the previously accepted government that was hiding in Taiwan.

• This meeting greatly eased tensions between the Chinese and American governments as well as made China a much stronger and more important country on the world scale.

SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty)

An agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union to stop the use and production of nuclear weapons in both countries.

• This agreement helped reduce the previously large amounts of issues between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Nixon Doctrine

A foreign policy made by President Nixon that stated the United States would help defend and protect American allies and friends in any conflict, but the future of those nations was only in the hands of said nation alone.

• The United States would not help build the country up or help attack other countries without provocation.

Arab Oil Embargo

Countries on and near the Arabian peninsula stopped selling oil to supporters of the Israeli nation during the wars between Israel and Jordan, Syria, and Egypt.

• This attempt to cripple American and Western European nations proved extremely effective and showed the world that countries of the Arabian Peninsula were not to be agitated.

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

An international organization comprised of oil rich countries that decided on oil shipment prices from their countries to oil dependent countries like the United States.

• Arabs in this group stopped supplying Israeli supporting nations (The United States) with oil.

• This organization is also responsible for the large increase in price for petroleum shipments.

• This group is almost single handedly responsible for making America have a fuel shortage during the 1970s.

Stagflation

A combination of stagnant economic growth and inflation that caused the United States economy to fall into a recession.

• The government was unable to successfully prevent this occurrence from effecting American citizens.

Watergate

The Offices of the Democratic Committee were broken into by five men that comprised parts of President Nixon's employees that worked for his re-election.

• As public interest and federal investigation increased, many violations of the presidency were found during Nixon's presidency by his cabinet, employees, and himself.

• Eventually many Americans thought that Nixon had orchestrated the break ins at the Offices of the Democratic Committee, but no evidence was ever found of this.

• It was generally agreed that Nixon knew about all the violations occurring under his presidency as well as the break ins.

• This scandal destroyed Nixon's credibility and made him subject to impeachment.

Executive Privilege

An implied presidential power that allows the president to refuse to disclose information regarding confidential conversations or national security to Congress or the judiciary.

• President Nixon pleaded to keep recordings of White House conversations secret because of this presidential power.

• He was unsuccessful at doing so though.

Smoking-Gun Tape

A collection of White House recordings that proved Nixon's involvement in the Watergate Scandal and other violations of the law.

• These recordings were used as evidence to attempt to impeach President Nixon from office as well as his Vice President Spiro Agnew.

• Nixon then resigned because of the impending impeachment and the office of President was filled by House Minority Leader Gerald Ford because everyone in a higher position than him had been convicted of a crime by these recordings.