Cog sy

Stimulus discrimination

The ability to distinguish between two similar stimuli when when paired with Unconditioned stimulus

Habituation

The decrease in responses in respect to repeated presentation of a stimuli

Habituation and sensitisation

Two non associative learning

First order conditioning

When a neutral stimulus is paired directly with an unconditioned stimulus it is called ——

Second order conditioning/ Higher order conditioning

When CS is associated with another CS which was previously associated with UCS , the learning is called

Trace conditioning

the presentation of the CS, followed by a short break, followed by the presentation of the US

CS—-Short Break ——US

Short delayed conditioning

CS begin just before UCS and end together, the timing of the conditioning is known as
S
CS-US=CR

Long delayed conditioning

There is a long break after CS produced to UCS both end at the same time, The timing is called?

CS—————————————UCS-CR

.

testing timing effects in conditioning- not much in practical situation

Simultaneous conditioning

When the onset of US and neutral stimulus are together to elicit a response the conditioning is called

Sign tracking theory by Tolman

Animals have a tendency to orient themselves towards any stimuli that are good predictors of important events, such as the delivery of food.

Rescorla Wagner model

A foundational theory in classical conditioning that explains strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected

Strong

More salient CSs (more noticeable) will condition --- than less salient (less noticeable) CSs in classical conditioning overshadowing

Rescorla Wagner model

the model of learning saying the learning will occur only when the learner is surprised,

i.e. when what actually happens is different from what the learner expected to happen.

A foundational theory in classical conditioning

Trial by trial basis

Rescorla Wagner model predicts the outcome of classical conditioning procedures on a -----basis

Systematic desensitisation by Joseph wolpe

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

Trial and error literature

The expression "contingencies of reinforcement" occurs frequently in ----- literature

Drive Reduction theory

The theory of motivation by Hull, stating that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Crespi effect

Unexpected increase or decrease of reward will lead to a disproportionate change in response rates

.

Performance is not only influenced by reward size, but also by changes in reward

Ethology

Study of animals in their natural habitat

Sensory memory ( iconic memory)

Which memory hold information for least time, usually fraction of seconds

Iconic memory

The sensory memory for visuals that briefly holds a mental image of visual stimuli last of 1/4th of a second

State dependent cue/

Mood dependent memory

The effect that occurs because of mood states in the time encoding, serve as effective retrieval cues?

Flashbulb memory

A highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the surprising and emotional arousing events
Which are

• New,

• important

• Emotionally charged

Episodic memory

a type of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences in personal life

Maintenance rehearsal

a cognitive process where information is repeated to keep it in STM.

It involves simple repetition of unaltered data without deep processing.

Chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically? useful in byhearting

18 to 30 sec

Short term memory store information for how long?

Semantic memory

a type of long-term memory that involves general knowledge, not tied to specific personal experiences. It includes information about language, concepts, and categories.

Procedural memory

a type of long-term memory that involves remembering how to perform specific tasks or activities, such as riding a bike or tying shoelaces.

Declarative memory/ Explicit memory

A type of long-term memory that stores facts and events.

It can be consciously recalled.

hese memories involve deliberate encoding and retrieval processes

Recognition

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Blocking

This was demonstrated in Kamin’s experiment, which emphasized the role of expectation and surprise in learning.

the presence of one CS prevents the conditioning of a novel stimulus to emit the same R is called___________

Inhibitory conditioning

a type of classical conditioning in which the CS becomes a signal for the absence of the US is called

Little Albert experiment

Experiment of phobia conducted by John B. Watson

Experiences

Watson believed that behavior is all about or shaped by ------, rather any cognitive factors or innate traits

joseph Wolpe

the idea that Phobias can be Classically Conditioned suggests a possible remedy -Extinction. Stated by?

Fear hierarchy

an ordered series of increasingly fearful objects or situations

Aversive counterconditioning

a procedure that attempts to decrease unwanted behaviors by conditioning aversive reactions to stimuli associated with the behaviours

Eg: when an individual trying to quit smoking is given a nausea-inducing medication that they must take whenever they smoke a cigarette

Aversive counterconditioning

The goal of ------is to develop an aversive CR to stimuli associated with an undesirable behavior.

Connectionism/ Association theory by Thorndike

The basics of learning of a voluntary behaviours is "trial and error or selecting and connecting

voluntary

What responses are elicited in operant conditioning

Puzzle box

Thorndike apparatus to test the operant conditioning using cats is called?

Thorndike’s Law of effect

if a response is followed by a satisfying reward it will be strengthened more as the response will become associated with that situation and will be more likely to occur again in that same situation

Overshadowing

interference with the conditioning of a stimulus because of the simultaneous presence of another stimulus that is easier to condition

Compound stimulus

a complex stimulus that consists of the simultaneous presentation of two or more individual stimuli

Eg:Imagine a dog that is trained to respond to both a bell and a light.

Stimulus A: The sound of a bell (Conditioned Stimulus 1, CS1)

Stimulus B: A light (Conditioned Stimulus 2, CS2)

Over expectation effect

the decrease in the conditioned response that occurs when two separately conditioned CSs are combined into a compound stimulus for further pairings with the US

Automatic behaviour

Behaviour therapists beleive that respondent/Classical conditioning is effective in -------Behaviour

Motor and cognitive behaviour

Behaviour therapists beleive that operant conditioning is effective in -------Behaviour

operant conditioning

According to behavior therapist unadaptive behaviours such as nail biting etc. are satisfactory deal within ?

Fixed ratio schedule

schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Eg: A free coffee after every 5 coffee

A student earns a sticker after completing 3 assignments

Variable ratio

The schedule of conditioning in which behaviour is reinforced at different times of repetition of the behaviour

Removal of aversive stimuli

Negative reinforcement according to skinner’s operant conditioning is?

Respondent conditioning

Another name for Pavlov’s Classical conditioning?

Fixed interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed, as per a previously decided plan?

eg: weekly check, checking oven

Variable interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

emitted spontaneously

respondents are elicited but operants are not elicit but they are

variable ratio

As a rule which schedule arrangement sustain a high steady rate of response?

VAriable interval

In our daily life, any kind of looking for things occur without any reference to our behaviour may illustrate the application of----schedule

Fixed interval

In case of ----- reinforcement schedule, We get the smallest response rate during training

Contiguity conditioning

In case of ----- by Guthrie, We get the least resistance to extinction and the smallest response rate during training

Compensatory response theory

The CR in classical conditioning is often a behavior that attempts to counteract the effects of the expected US, esply when it is aversive

Instrumental conditioning /operant conditioning

associative learning in which a behavior becomes more or less probable depending on its consequences

Aversive counter conditioning

In what behaviour therapy a positive emotional response is replaced by negative one?

Reciprocal inhibition by Joseph Wolpe

two opposing physiological responses and emotional state cannot stay in a person the theory is called?

used with systematic desensitization

employs relaxation techniques alongside exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli;

Contingency Contract

A mutually agreed upon document between parties (e.g., parent and child) that specifies a contingent relationship (cause-effect) between the completion of specified behavior(s) and access to specified reinforcer(s). -

both parties give and receive something

Insight learning by Kohler

The process of learning how to solve a new problem by applying what is already known rather tiral and error?

Bandura’s Social learning theory / Observational learning

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Hull’s drive reduction theory

the theory of reinforcement that attributes a reinforcer's effectiveness to the reduction of a drive

Retention

A coach is demonstrating to a child how to kick a ball. The child seeing the main features of the kicks but he is unable to imitate. Which stage of observational learning is the child in?

1. Attention,

2. Retention,

3. Reproduction,

4. motivation (reward)

Different stages of observational learning according to bandura

preparation, incubation, insight, verification

stages of insight learning proposed by Graham Wallas in order

Incubation

in which stage of insight learning the organism doesn't try to solve the problem directly it is the subconscious processing of ideas

Vicarious learning/ social learning

Which kind of learning involves learning from witnessing experience of others?

Mathematico deductive theory

alternative name for Hull’s drive reduction theory

drive reduction theory

not every reduction in arousal is reinforcing, some reinforcers increases arousal is a Major criticism of ——theory

Seligman’s Learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Immunization

Early experiences of successfully affecting one's environment such experiences of control and success can protect against developing learned helplessness when facing future challenges, termed by Seligman as ?

Learned optimism

The term used by Martin Seligman to describe an optimistic style that people can be trained to achieve/ Therapy technique counter training learned helplessness

Clark Hull

Who gave concept of habit strength as a determinant of behaviour

reminiscence effect

perfomance is improved significantly after a short break compared to no break effect is called?

Transfer of learning

The application of knowledge acquired in one situation to new situations.

Fixed Action Patterns by Konrad Lorenz

genetically based behaviours seen across a species, that can be set off/start by a specific stimulus in the environment , Proposed by Konrad Lorenz, is called?

Touch memory

What is Haptic memory

Information processing theory

a model of memory that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output

Serial recall

reproducing information from memory in the order in which it was learned

Useful in STM/ working memory to understand how people retain memory

Free recall

learning procedure in which material that has been learned may be repeated in any order

Cued recall

A test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.

Primary memory

current content of consciousness in William James' dualist model of memory

current content

what constitute Primary memory according to William James Dualist model of memory?

Secondary memory

The long term memory where the information is relatively permanent, in William James model of dual memory?

Atkinson Shiffrin model/

Information processing model/

multi store model/ modal model/

Earliest comprehensive model of memory that states we process information through 3 systems: sensory memory, STM, and LTM

Iconic and echoic

major sensory stores put into focus in information processing model is ?

short term memory, memory store

---

-receives information from sensory memory and ———-retrieves information from long term memory

Permastore memory by Bahrick

The very long-term memories that remain remarkably stable over decades, even without rehearsal. Once information enters this state, it resists forgetting and remains accessible for life.

Often semantic

Working memory model by Baddeley and Hitch/

Multiple component model of working memory

A model of memory explained the memory used when working on a task as an active processing system with multiple components such as phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad

Working memory

the memory that we are currently being processed (similar to idea of short term memory) is called?

STM has passive memory while WM has active memory

What differentiate between working memory and STM

7 ± 2/

5-9

how many items can STM hold items at a time by miller’s magic number

Peterson and peterson task

A classic experimental method in cognitive psychology used to investigate the duration of short-term memory (STM)

in which participants see some items and they have to recall it after a distracting task.