Biomedical Terminology: Unit 2: Chapter 5

Ingestion, Digestion, absorption, Elimination

Digestive system four main functions

Ingestion

food material taken into the mouth

Digestion

food is broken down, mechanically and chemically as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract

amino acids

proteins—→

glucose

sugar—→

fatty acids or triglycerides

fats—→

Absorption

Digested food passes into the bloodstream through the lining cells of the small intestine; nutrients then travel to all cells of the body.

burn

Cells ____ nutrients to release energy stored in food.

Elimination

The body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream. The large intestine concentrates feces, and the wastes then pass out of the body through the anus

Oral cavity

The gastrointestinal tract begins with the _______.

Bucc/o

cheek (root)

Cheli/o, labi/o

Lip (root) (2)

Plato/o

Hard Palate , Soft palate (root)

uvul/o

Uvula (root)

Gloss/o, lingu/o

Tongue (root)

Tonsill/o

Tonsil (root)

Gingiv/o

Gums (root)

Dent/i, odont/o

Teeth (root)

Parotid, Sublingual, submandibular,

Salivary Glands (3)

Mastication

Chewing

Deglutition

Swallowing

Deglutition

Swallowing

Epiglottis

_____ closes over trachea as the bolus of food passes down the pharynx toward the esophagus. ____ opens as the bolus moves down the esophagus.

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

(cardiac Sphincter)

Pepsin

Enzyme in stomach that breaks down protein.

Amylase

Enzyme released from salivary glands and breaks down starch

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Parts of the small intestine: (1), (2). (3) (in order)

Ascending Colon

Second part of the large intestine; absorbs the remaining water and other key nutrients from the indigestible material, solidifying it to form stool.

Transverse Colon

Absorbs water and salts from the indigestible material

Descending

A storage area for feces

Cecum

Acts as a storage area for partially digested food material It allows for fermentation by bacteria, which break down complex carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids; First part of the large intestine

sigmoid colon

Absorption of water, vitamins, and minerals from the undigested food particles, just like the preceding portions of the bowel; however, it does so to a lesser extent

rectum

Colllects and holds your poop until it's time to release it.

anus

Responsible for releasing waste from your body (the opening)

Large Intestine

Stores the waste products until it can be released

Pancreas

Releases lots of enzymes; once released, enzymes goes into duodenum (connected to it)

gallbladder

Connected to duodenum, stores bilirubin (pigment)

Liver

Produces Bile, helps maintain normal blood glucose levels, manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting, releases bilirubin, and removes toxins and poisons from blood.

Bile

Emulsifies (breaks down fats); contains cholesterol, bile acids, bile pigments—> bilirubin

Glycogenolysis

Glycogen——> glucose

Gluconeogenesis

Convert protein/fats into Sugar

Bile, glucose, clotting, bilirubin, toxins

Function of liver: Produces ____, helps maintain normal blood ____ levels, manufactures blood proteins necessary for ____, releases _____, and removes ____ and poisons from blood.

Bilirubin

Pigment in bile

Insulin

Pancreas Endocrine function is _____ bloodstream to cells

Enzymes

Pancreas exocrine function _____ duodenum for digestion (exo bc digestion is outside the body—mouth and anus)

Amyl/o

starch (root)

Lip/o

Digests fats (root)

Prote/o

Proteins

Amylase

Digests starch

Lipase

Digests fats

protease

digests proteins

Insulin

Helps transport glucose blood to cells

Anorexia

Lack of appetite

Ascites

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Borborygmus

Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract

Constipation

difficulty in passing stools

Diarrhea

frequent passage of loose, watery stools

Dysphagia

difficulty in swallowing

Eructation

Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

Flatus

gas expelled through the anus

Hematochezia

passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum

Jaundice

yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin the in blood

Melena

Black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

Steatorrhea

fat in the feces; frothy, foul smelling fecal matter

Aphthous Stomatitis

inflammation of the mouth with small painful ulcers (canker sores)

Herpetic stomatitis

inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpes virus (cold sores)

Oral leukoplakia

white plaques or patches

achalasia

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

Peptic Ulcer

open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum

Hernia

Protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it

anal fistula

abnormal tube like passageway near the anus

colonic polyposis

polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

Diverticulosis

abnormal side pockets in the intestinal wall

Dysentery

painful inflamed intestines caused by bacterial infection

Hemorrhoids

swollen twisted varicose veins in the rectal region

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Inflammation of the colon and small intestine

IBS

Irritable bowl syndrome—group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension

volvulus

twisting of the intestines on itself

Cirrhosis

Chronic degenerative disease of the liver

Cholelithiasis

gallstones in the gallbladder

append/o appendic/o

appendix (2) (root)

cec/o

cecum (root)

celi/o

belly, abdomen (root)

an/o

anus (root)

cheil/o

lip (root)

cholecyst/o

gallbladder (root)

choledoch/o

common bile duct

ile/o

ilium (root)

jujyn/o

jejunum (root)

lapar/o

abdomen (root)

mandibul/o

lower jaw, mandible (root)

col/o colon/o

colon (root)

duoden/o

duodenum (root)

enter/o

intestines, usually small intestine (root)

esophag/o

esophagus (root)

faci/o

face (root)

or/o Stomat/o

mouth (2) (root)

palat/o

palate (root)

pancreat/o

pancrease (root)