17: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior 

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Need to affiliate

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The desire to associate with other people

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Interpersonal attraction

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Social attraction to another person

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55 Terms

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Need to affiliate

The desire to associate with other people

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Interpersonal attraction

Social attraction to another person

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Reciprocity

A mutual exchange of feelings, thoughts, or things between people

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Self-disclosure

The process of revealing private thoughts, feelings, and ones personal history to others

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Social exchange

Any exchange between two people of attention, information, affection, favors, or the like

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Social exchange theory

A theory stating that rewards must exceed costs for relationships to endure

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Comparison level

A personal standard used to evaluate rewards and costs in social exchange

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Intimacy

Feelings of connectedness and affection for another person

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Passion

Deep emotional and/or sexual feelings for another person

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Commitment

The determination to stay in a long-term relationship with another person

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Romantic love

Love that is associated with high levels of interpersonal attraction, heightened arousal, mutual absorption, and sexual desire

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Companionate love

A form of love characterized by intimacy and commitment, but not passion

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Fatuous love

Love characterized by passion and commitment, but not intimacy

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Consummate love

A form of love characterized by intimacy, passion, and commitment

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Evolutionary psychology

The study of the evolutionary origins of human behavior patterns

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Prosocial behavior

Any behavior that has a positive impact on other people

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Altruism

A specific type of prosocial behavior motivated primarily by improving the circumstances of others

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Empathy

State in which people, when faced with someone who is suffering, experience a feeling state that parallels that of the person in distress

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Bystander effect (bystander apathy)

The unwillingness of bystanders to offer help during emergencies or to become involved in others problems

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Diffusion of responsibility

Spreading the responsibility to act among several people; reduces the likelihood that help will be given to a person in need

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Antisocial behavior

Any behavior that has a negative impact on other people

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Aggression

Any action carried out with the intention of harming another person

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Bullying

The deliberate and repeated use of aggression (whether verbal or physical, direct or indirect) as a tactic for dealing with everyday situations

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Instinct

Innate impulse that directs or motivates behavior

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Frustration-aggression hypothesis

States that frustration tends to lead to aggression

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Social learning theory

A theory that combines learning principles with cognitive processes, socialization, and modeling, to explain behavior

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Prejudice

Positive or negative attitude toward an entire group of people

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Social stereotypes

Oversimplified images of the traits of individuals who belong to a particular social group

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Discrimination (in social behavior)

Unfair actions based on stereotyping and prejudice

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Microaggressions

Subtle acts of discrimination that may not be intended to hurt the victim but rather reflect a lack of awareness or sensitivity

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Racism

Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination directed against someone based solely on their race

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Sexism

Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination directed against someone based solely on their gender

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Ageism

Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination directed against someone based solely on their age

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Heterosexism

Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination directed against someone based solely on the belief that heterosexuality is better or more natural than homosexuality

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Ethnocentrism

Placing ones own group or race at the center-that is, tending to reject all other groups but ones own

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Explicit prejudice

Prejudice that is conscious and clearly and publicly expressed

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Implicit prejudice

Unconscious prejudiced thoughts and feelings about members or other groups

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Scapegoating

Blaming a person or a group for the actions of others or for conditions not of their making

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Displaced aggression

Redirecting aggression to a target other than the actual source of ones frustration

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Status inequalities

Differences in the power, prestige, or privileges of two or more people or groups

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Authoritarian personality

A personality patter characterized by rigidity, inhibition, prejudice, and an excessive concern with power, authority, and obedience

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Dogmatism

An unwanted positiveness or certainty in matters of belief or opinion

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Dehumanization

Beliefs that outgroups are less human and deserve the discrimination that they are subject to

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Self-stereotyping

The tendency to apply social stereotypes to ones self

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Stereotype threat

The anxiety caused by the fear of being judged in terms of a stereotype

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Equal-status contact

Social interaction that occurs on an equal footing, without obvious differences in power or status

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Superordinate goal

A goal that exceeds or overrides all others, a goal that renders other goals relatively less important

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Individuating information

Information that helps define a person as an individual, rather than as a member of a group or social category

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Just-world beliefs

Beliefs that people generally get what they deserve

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

An expectation that prompts people to act in ways that make the exception come true

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Social competition

Rivalry among groups, each of which regards itself as superior to others

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Relationships deepen through self-disclosure, which follows a reciprocity norm

Low levels of self-disclosure are met with low levels in return; moderate self-disclosure elicits more personal replies

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It differs from sympathy/compassion on the effect of a component

An empathetic response involves feeling and emotion that is the same as the victim; A sympathetic/compassionate response instead involves an effective response that would be more similar to concern or caring for the victim

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Three decision points must be passed before a person gives hope

noticing, defining an emergency, and taking responsibility/ selecting a course of action

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Aggression can be reduced through equal

status contact, the pursuit of superordinate goals, and through direct instruction (in diversity training sessions, for example)