Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Arab Heartlands, and Qing China

These flashcards cover key events and figures related to the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the Qing Dynasty in China, focusing on major reforms, rebellions, and conflicts between 1750-1900.

What years mark the start of the Qing Dynasty rule in China?

1644, when Manchu nomads conquered China.

Who was the emperor of Qing China from 1644 to 1772?

Kangxi emperor.

What major event occurred between 1768 and 1774 involving the Ottoman Empire?

A disastrous war with Russia.

What important treaty was signed as a result of the Ottoman defeat in the Russo-Turkish War?

Treaty of San Stefano.

What significant military change occurred in the Ottoman Empire in 1826?

The destruction of the Janissary corps.

What was the main purpose of the Tanzimat reforms (1839-1876) in the Ottoman Empire?

To modernize and westernize the Ottoman Empire.

What rebellion in China (1850-1864) posed a significant threat to the Qing dynasty?

The Taiping Rebellion.

What year was the Suez Canal opened, and who financed it?

1869, financed by British and French investors.

What was the focus of the Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901) in China?

To remove foreign influence in China.

What was a major consequence of the British victory in the Opium War (1839-1842)?

The Treaty of Nanjing, which forced China to open its ports to European trade.

Who emerged as ruler of Egypt and is considered the founder of modern Egypt?

Muhammad Ali.

What was one of the key features of the Young Turks' reforms after they seized power in 1908?

Restoration of the 1876 constitution and increased civil liberties.

What did the Qing Dynasty experience by the end of the 18th century that contributed to its decline?

Rampant corruption, severe economic dislocation, and social unrest.

How did the Qing emperors initially respond to the opium trade in the 18th century?

They issued edicts forbidding the opium traffic, but enforcement was weak.

What ideology did the Taiping Rebellion challenge most significantly?

Confucian ideology.

What happened to the Ottoman Empire after World War I?

It collapsed, leading to the creation of modern Turkey.

What years mark the start of the Qing Dynasty rule in China?

$1644$, when Manchu nomads conquered China.

Who was the emperor of Qing China from $1644$ to $1772$?

Kangxi emperor.

What major event occurred between $1768$ and $1774$ involving the Ottoman Empire?

A disastrous war with Russia.

What important treaty was signed as a result of the Ottoman defeat in the Russo-Turkish War?

Treaty of San Stefano.

What significant military change occurred in the Ottoman Empire in $1826$?

The destruction of the Janissary corps.

What was the main purpose of the Tanzimat reforms ($1839-1876$) in the Ottoman Empire?

To modernize and westernize the Ottoman Empire.

What rebellion in China ($1850-1864$) posed a significant threat to the Qing dynasty?

The Taiping Rebellion.

What year was the Suez Canal opened, and who financed it?

$1869$, financed by British and French investors.

What was the focus of the Boxer Rebellion ($1898-1901$) in China?

To remove foreign influence in China.

What was a major consequence of the British victory in the Opium War ($1839-1842$)?

The Treaty of Nanjing, which forced China to open its ports to European trade.

Who emerged as ruler of Egypt and is considered the founder of modern Egypt?

Muhammad Ali.

What was one of the key features of the Young Turks' reforms after they seized power in $1908$?

Restoration of the $1876$ constitution and increased civil liberties.

What did the Qing Dynasty experience by the end of the $18$th century that contributed to its decline?

Rampant corruption, severe economic dislocation, and social unrest.

How did the Qing emperors initially respond to the opium trade in the $18$th century?

They issued edicts forbidding the opium traffic, but enforcement was weak.

What ideology did the Taiping Rebellion challenge most significantly?

Confucian ideology.

What happened to the Ottoman Empire after World War I?

It collapsed, leading to the creation of modern Turkey.

Who was the leader of the Taiping Rebellion?

Hong Xiuquan.

Who was the Chinese High Commissioner responsible for destroying British opium in Canton in $1839$?

Lin Zexu.

Which terminal year marked the official end of the Qing Dynasty and the start of the Republic of China?

$1912$.

Who was the influential Empress Dowager who held power during the late Qing Dynasty?

Empress Dowager Cixi.

What city served as the capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Nanjing.

Which island territory was ceded to Great Britain following the Treaty of Nanjing?

Hong Kong.

What conflict between $1894$ and $1895$ demonstrated the weakness of the Qing military against a modernizing Japan?

First Sino-Japanese War.

Which Ottoman Sultan was deposed in $1909$ as a result of the Young Turk Revolution?

Abdul Hamid II.