test mf 2 letsgo

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Battles of Lexington and Concord

nitiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

American Invasion of Canada

was a disaster

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence, 3rd president, anti federalist

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Two Treatises on Government (John Locke)

This was the document that stated that if a ruler steps over its proper function to protect the natural rights of life, liberty, and property, than that ruler was a tyrant and must be overthrown

Hessians

German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

Battle of Trenton

On Christmas day at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Deleware River. The next morning, they suprise attacked the British mercenaries which were Hessians.

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

French Intervention

The French intervened after the Battle of Saratoga and the Americans would not have won without their support in the seas and additional manpower
The French navy was a formidable foe for the British in the seas unlike the American ships
Their influence turned the tide in the war

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.

Fall of Charleston

Benjamin Lincoln was forced to surrender all 5000 of his men to the British

Battle of Camden

This was the 1780 battle during the American Revolution in which the British forces, led by Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis soundly defeated the Continental armed forces led by General Horatio Gates.

Battle of Kings Mountain

Loyalists vs. Patriots. South wants to be separate from the North. Patriot victory.

Battle of Cowpens

a 1781 battle in South Carolina where Americans won an important victory over the British

Battle of Guilford Courthouse

March 15, 1781 battle between the forces of Cornwallis and Greene near Guilford Courthouse (modern day Greensboro, N.C.) The British won a thin victory in the battle, but the win sapped much of the British strength.

Nathaniel Greene's Southern Campaign

Tried to delay Cornwallis moving North

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

John Trumbull

He was an American artist during the period of the American Revolutionary War famous for his historical paintings including his Declaration of Independence.

Surrender of Cornwallis

Name the painting showing the commander of the world's finest trained troops, had to surrender to George Washington's second in command at Yorktown. George Washington congratulated his troops, but reminded them to be grateful to God for aiding in battle.

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

Powers given by Articles of Confederation (state)

Enforcing laws, regulating commerce, administering justice, and levying taxes

What is a federation?

a group of states with a central government but independence in internal affairs.

Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?

They were too weak to bind the States together.

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Constitutional Convention

A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution

I smell a rat in Philadelphia!

Patrick Henry

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Constitutionalism

Basic principle that government and those who govern must obey the law; the rule of law

delegated powers

Powers specifically given to the federal government by the US Constitution, for example, the authority to print money.

Great Compromise

1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

Seperation of Powers and Checks and Balances

This idea was that the government would consist of an executive,legislative and judicial branch. Each branch would "check on each other" in order to prevent one person or branch becoming too powerful. Within the legislative branch, the two houses would also "check on each other."

Necessary and Proper Clause

Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government

Supremacy Clause

Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)

Regulation of slave trade

Ratifacation of the Constitution

1788

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

it is a republic if you can keep it

ben franklin

presidential election of 1789

- 57-year-old Washington elected President.
- Each elector in the Electoral College cast two votes. First place became president and second place became vice president.
- 1804: 12th Amendment changed this process so that each elector casts a vote for president and a vote for vice president.
- John Adams became vice president.

presidential election of 1792

jefferson resigned; then hamilton (caught in a scandal. jefferson's "friend of a friend" printed it)

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Pay off all war debts, raise government revenues, create a national bank

National Banking System

(AL) , Authorized by Congress in 1863 to establish a standard bank currency. Banks that joined the system could buy bonds and issue paper money. First significant step toward a national bank. (North)

strict construction

way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take

Broad Construction

A judicial philosophy that looks to the context and purpose of a law when making an interpretation.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

The first two political parties. Many of the Democratic-Republicans had earlier been members of the Antifederalists, which had never organized into a formal political party.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Neutrality Proclamation

stated that the United States would not take sides with any European countries that were at war

Slave Revolt in Saint Domingue

(1791 - 1804) In September of 1791, the largest slave rebellion in history broke out in Saint-Domingue, an important French colony in the Caribbean. In 1794, the revolutionary government in France abolished slavery in the colonies, though this act was essentially only recognizing the liberty that the slaves had seized by their own actions. Napoleon reestablished slavery in the French Caribbean in 1802, but failed in his attempt to reconquer Saint-Domingue. Armies commanded by former slaves succeeded in winning independence for a new nation, Haiti, in 1804, making the revolt in Saint-Domingue the first successful slave revolt in history.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Napolean Bonaparte (1769-1821)

French military leader and emperor who seizes power in 1799 and conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century.

Jay Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

presidential election of 1796

Jefferson becomes Adam's Vice President because the constitution stated that the runner-up should become vice-president.

Undeclared War with France

Late 1790s - Beginning in 1794, the French had began seizing American vessels in retaliation for Jay's Treaty, so Congress responded by ordering the navy to attack any French ships on the American coast. The conflict became especially violent after the X,Y, Z Affair. A peace convention in 1800 with the newly installed dictator, Napoleon, ended the conflict.

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

Alien and Sedition Acts

Series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

election of 1800

Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.

12th Amendment

separation of votes for President and Vice President

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

election of 1804

Thomas Jefferson ran as a Democratic-Republican and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney ran as a Federalist. Jefferson easily defeated Pinckney. George Clinton won for Vice President.

Sally Hemings

A slave who was owned by Thomas Jefferson. Based on recent evidence from DNA and from the timing of Jefferson's visits to Monticello, most scholars now think it probable that Jefferson, a widower, was the father of one and possibly more of her four surviving children.

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

James Madison

a Republican who was elected president in 1808

Canada Invasion

War of 1812 was fought largely on Canadian territory, especially along the Niagara frontier. The Americans were superior in numbers but badly organized.

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.