Week 3 - "Carbohydrates"

Oxidation

Carbohydrate ________ provides energy

Glycogen-Short term energy

Carbohydrate storage, in the form of _________, provides ___________ reserve

Proteins, lipids and nucleic acid

Carbohydrate supply carbon atoms for the synthesis of other biochemical substances; ________, __________ and ___________

DNA and RNA molecules

Carbohydrates form part of the structural framework of ___________ and ___________

Structural components

Carbohydrates linked to lipids are ___________ of cell membrane

Cell-cell and cell molecule

Carbohydrates linked to proteins function in a variety of _________ and ________ recognition processes

Monosaccharide

Contains single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone unit

Oligosaccharide

Two-ten monosaccharide units covalently bonded

Disaccharide

Most common type of Oligosaccharide; contains two monosaccharide

Polysaccharide

Contains many monosaccharide units

Chiral central

Central of the molecule that has four different groups tetrahedrally bonded to it

Chiral Molecule

Molecule that is not superimposable

Achiral Molecule

Mirror image are superimposable

Stereoisomers

Same molecular and structural formulas but differ in orientation of atoms

Enantiomers

Stereoisomers whose molecules are non-superimposable images of each other

Diastereomers

Molecules are not mirror images of each other; Cis-trans isomers

Fischer projection formula

two-dimensional structural notation showing the spatial arrangement of groups about chiral centers

Aldose

Monosaccharide that contains a aldehyde functional group; polyhydroxy aldehydes

Ketose

Monosaccharide that contains ketone functional group; polyhydroxy ketoses

Triose

Three-carbon monosaccharide is called

D-glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone

Simplest monosaccharide; these trioses are important intermediates in the process of glycolysis

Glycolysis

Process whereby glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate

Photosynthesis

Plants contains large amounts of carbohydrates produced via ______________

Starch and glycogen

Storage polysaccharide

Cellulose and Chitin

Structural polysaccharide serve as elements in plant cell walls, and animal exoskeletons

Glycolipids and Glycoproteins

Oligosaccharide attached through glycosidic linkages to lipids and proteins

D-Glucose

Most abundant monosaccharide in nature and the most important from a human nutritional standpoint

Grape sugar

20-30% of glucose by mass; good source of glucose which is often referred to as _________

Dextrose

The optically active D-Glucose, in aqueous solution, rotates plane-polarized light to the right

Blood Sugar

Blood contains dissolved glucose is called _________

70-100 mg/dL

The normal concentration of glucose in human blood is __________

Glucose

Cells primary source of energy

D-Galactose

Synthesized from glucose mammary glands for use in lactose

Brain sugar

Glycoproteins are often found in brains and nerve tissues are called __________

A, B, AB and O

Chemical markers that distinguish types of blood _____________D

D-Fructose

Biochemically the most important ketohexose; levulose and fruit sugar

D-Ribose

Pentose; Complex molecules of ribonucleic acids and ATP; compound of 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose; also important in nucleic acid chemistry

Cellobiose

Intermediate hydrolysis of polysaccharide cellulose; differs from maltose in that one of the D-Glucose units; the one functioning as a hemiacetal

Lactose

Major sugar found in milk; common name is milk sugar

Sucrose

Common table sugar; most abundant of all disaccharide and occurs throughout plant kingdom

20%

Amount of juice from sugar cane is __________ %

17%

Sugar beets contain up to ________ % by mass sucrose