Unit 2A Honors Bio

Simplest Organism

One-celled (unicellular)

How are multicellular organisms organized?

Atoms→Macromolecules→Organelles→Cells→Tissues→Organs→Organ System→Organism

Complex Organisms

Multi-celled with differentiation (cell specialization)

Autotrophs

Can produce their own food/nutrients directly from sunlight (photosynthesis) and can then convert the food/nutrients into ATP through cellular respiration.

Heterotrophs

Cannot produce their own food/nutrients directly from sunlight. Must ingest other organism/food which is converted into ATP through cellular respiration.

Examples of Autotrophs

Plants, Algae, Bacteria

Examples of Heterotrophs

Animals, Fungi, (some) Bacteria

Ingestion

Taking in food

Digestion

Chemically breaking it down

Cellular Respiration

Produces energy for the organisms in the form of ATP molecules.

What are the two types of Cellular Respiration?

Anaerobic and Aerobic

What is Anaerobic Cellular Respiration?

No Oxygen required; used primarily by simple organisms

What is Aerobic Cellular Respiration?

Requires Oxygen

Metabolism

All the chemical processes by which organisms take in and transform energy/matter from the environment.

Stimulus

Change in environment that causes a response

Response

Reaction to stimuli

Homeostasis

Steady state of unchanging, stable internal conditions

Ex:Temp., pH, Water balance

Regulation

All processes which help an organism maintain homeostasis

Evolution

Long term response to environmental stimuli; Species adapt and change in response to challenging environmental conditions.

Unicellular

Increase in size

Multicellular

Increase in number of cells

Development

Changes an organism goes through as it reaches mature adult form; involves differentiation/specialization of cells, tissues, etc.

Reproduction

Not necessary to life of an individual; essential for the species; inexpensive form of reproduction

What are the two types of Reproduction?

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction

One parent; no genetic variation, energetically inexpensive form of reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

Two parents; genetic variation, energetically expensive form of reproduction

DNA

molecule that carries the individual’s genetic code, determines the identity of the organism and its physical traits

Gene

Specific region of DNA that contributes to the expression of a particular trait

What is the process of Asexual Reproduction?

One parent→2 identical offspring

What is the process of Sexual Reproduction?

2 parents→ new unique, offspring

What is the product of Asexual Reproduction?

Identical copy/copies of the parent

Organism that do Asexual Reproduction:

Simple, single-celled organisms ex:Bacteria and yeast

Multicellular (fungi and plant)

Rarely animals

Benefits of Asexual Reproduction

Convenient, low energy cost, fast

Drawback of Asexual Reproduction

Create populations that lack genetic diversity, puts the population at risk

What is the product of Sexual Reproduction?

Offspring that has a totally new genetic code

½ DNA +1/2 DNA= 1 FULL DNA SET

Organisms that undergo Sexual Reproduction

Complex, multicellular life

Animals, plants, fungi,

Benefits of Sexual Reproduction

Lots of Genetic Diversity in population=Species is STRONG!

Drawbacks of Sexual Reproduction

Not fast, complex, and requires lots of energy

Who does Anaerobic Cellular Respiration?

Bacteria, Yeast

Simple+unicellular

How is Anaerobic Cellular Respiration done?

Glucose→2 ATP plus leftover chemicals

Benefit of Anaerobic Cellular Respiration?

Convenient, early

no Oxygen needed

no Mitochondria needed

Cost of Anaerobic Cellular Respiration?

Very inefficient

Only 2 ATP/Glucose

Who does Aerobic Cellular Respiration?

Complex, Multicellular

Animals, plants, fungi

How is Aerobic Cellular Respiration done?

Glucose +Oxygen→38 ATP+Carbon dioxide +Water

Benefit of Aerobic Cellular Respiration?

Very efficient

19x more ATP/energy/glucose

Cost of Aerobic Cellular Respiration?

Need Oxygen

Need Mitochondria

Binary Fission

Organisms divided into equal halves

Types of organisms who utilize Binary Fission?

Bacteria

Budding

Organisms is divided into unequal halves

Types of organisms who utilize Budding?

Yeast, Single celled protists (protozoans) like paramecium, amoeba, hydra

Fragmentation

Organism is split into fragments. Each of these fragments develop into identical mature, fully grown individuals

Types of organisms who utilize Fragmentation?

 Very simple animals like sponges, flatworms, sea stars.

Sporulation

Organism produces specialized reproductive cells (spores) that form genetically identical individuals

 Vegetative Propagation

Plant roots, leaves, or stems used to produce other genetically identical mature individuals; example: runners

Types of organisms who utilize Sporulation

Multicellular fungi (mushrooms); mosses and ferns

Types of organisms who utilize  Vegetative Propagation

Many plants like aspen trees, bamboo, strawberries; human purposefully regenerate plants via “cuttings” as in apple trees

Examples of Cells

Nerve cell, muscle cell

Examples of Tissue

Nervous tissue, muscle tissue

Examples or organs

Heart, brain

Examples of Organ system

Cardiovascular, Nervous

Examples of organism

Human

Examples of Atoms

Hydrogen and oxygen

Examples of Macromolecules

Nucleic acid, protein

Examples of Organelle

Golgi, nucleus