Bio 1406 exam 2

Monomer

A single molecule that can be combined with other similar molecules to form a large polymer

covalent bond

How are monomers linked

Cellulase

Enzyme to breakdown grass passed down through mother

Pyrimides

6 rings, cytosine, thymine

Purines

5 rings , adenine, guanine

Hydrogen bonds

Between purines and pyrimides

Uracil

Replaces thymine for an RNA strand

ER membrane

Is a phospholipid bilayer in the same basic design as the plasma membrane

Smooth ER

Site of lipid synthesis, Detoxification of many compounds

Rough ER

The site of synthesis for proteins that must be shipped to certain organelles, the cell surface, or fully out of the cell

Ribosomes

Machines that perform synthesis in the cytoplasm using mRNA as a template, made of large and small sub units

vesicular transport

how Proteins synthesized are shipped to Golgi apparatus through

Golgi apparatus

Control distribution warehouse for proteins imported from ER, Site of most carbohydrates synthesis, Site of extensive oligosaccharide Addition to certain proteins

Nucleus

Contains most of cells genes, nuclear envelope, encloses nucleus, separating from cytoplasm, nuclear membrane is a double membrane. Each membrane consist of a lipid bilayer pours regulate the entry exit molecules from nucleus. Shape of the nucleus is maintained by nuclear laminar, which is composed of protein in the nucleus, DNA and proteins form, genetic material called chromatin. chromatin condenses to form discrete chromosomes. The nucleolus is located within The nucleus and is the site of ribosomal synthesis

Lysosomes

Compartments of hydrolytic Enzymes digest, proteins, fats, polysaccharides, nucleic, acids others. Has a single Phospholipid bilayer that separates the lysosome lumen From the cytoplasm. Special proteins embedded in this membrane continuously pump H+ ions. Transport is uphill requiring energy. pH ~ 5

Mitochondria

Smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane Folded into Cristae. In remembering creates two compartments inter membrane space and mitochondrial matrix. Some metabolic steps of cellular, respiration or catalyzed in the mitochondrial matrix. Cristae Presents a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP

Vacuoles

A plant cell or fungal cell may have one or Several vacuoles. Food vacuoles Are formed by phagocytosis. Contractile vacuoles found in many Freshwater protists, Pump water out of cells. Central vacuous found in many mature, plant cells, hold organic compounds and water

Chloroplast

Chloroplast contain green pigment chlorophyll as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis. Chloroplast are found in leaves and other organs of plants and in algae. Structure includes thylakoids, membranous sacs, granum, stroma

Peroxisomes

Specialized metabolic compartments that produce hydrogen peroxide And converted to water. Oxygen is used to break down different types of Molecules. With lysosomes there are storage diseases. Other peroxisomes detoxify, alcohol and other compounds. Specialized peroxisomes, glycosomes convert fatty acids and seeds to sugars

Cytoskeleton

Support, mobility, regulation. Network of fibers, extending throughout the cytoplasm. Organizes cell structures and activities anchoring many organelles. Composed of three types of molecular structures, microtubules, micro, filaments, intermediate filaments

Centrosomes and centrioles

Microtubules grow out from a centrosome near the nucleus, the centrosome Is a microtubule- organizing center, in animal cells the centrosome has a pair of centrioles each with nine triplets of micro tubules arranged in a ring

Cilia and flagella

Microtubules Control the beating of Cilia and flagella locomotor appendages of some cells. Cilia and flagella differ in their beating patterns

6 major functions of membrane proteins

Transport

Enzymatic activity

Signal transduction

Cell cell recognition

Inter cellular joining

Attachment to cytoskeleton and mitochondrial matrix

Isotonic solution

Solute concentration is the same as the inside inside the cell; No water movement across plasma membrane

Hypertonic

solute Concentration of a surrounding solution is greater than that; cell loses water

Hypotonic

Solute concentration of a surrounding solution is less than that inside the cell; Cell gains water

Exocytosis

Cells secrete/excrete certain molecules from inside to outside

Endocytosis

Cell takes in macromolecules from outside to inside, reversal of exocytosis involving different proteins

Types of endocytosis

Phagocytosis (eating)

Pinocytosis (drinking)

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semi permeable membrane

Tonicity

The ability of surrounding Solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

Facilitated diffusion

Passive process that moves molecules across the cell membrane with the help of proteins

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions in a cell to assemble disassemble or modified the cells molecules

Catabolism

Release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules eg. Cellular respiration breakdown of glucose, carbon dioxide and water

Anabolism

Require input of energy to build complex molecules from simpler molecules eg. Synthesis of proteins from amino acids

Exergonic

Reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy which means change in energy for the reaction is negative

Endergonic

Reaction is one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings which means change in energy is positive

Entropy

Amount of molecular disorder

Activation energy

A small boost of energy required to begin proceeding with chemical reaction

Potential energy

The energy matter possesses due to its location or structure

Kinetic energy

Energy of motion eg. Hydroelectric, dam converts, kinetic energy of flowing water to electricity

Thermal energy

Kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

First law of thermodynamics

Energy can be transferred to transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

Second law of thermodynamics

Every energy energy transfer transformation increases the entropy of the universe