PAPER 3

Black Tuesday (1929)

Stock market crash marking the start of the Great Depression.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns built by the unemployed during Hoover's presidency.

New Deal

FDR’s program of economic relief, recovery, and reform.

Fireside Chats

FDR's radio broadcasts to reassure and unite Americans.

Social Security Act (1935)

Provided pensions and unemployment insurance.

NRA (National Recovery Administration)

Regulated wages, prices, and working conditions.

Court Packing Plan (1937)

FDR's failed attempt to add more justices to the Supreme Court.

Keynesian Economics

Economic theory advocating for government spending in downturns.

Popular Front

Leftist coalition supporting the Spanish Republic.

Nationalists

Right-wing rebels led by Francisco Franco.

International Brigades

Volunteer fighters supporting the Republic from abroad.

Guernica (1937)

Town bombed by German air force; symbol of civilian suffering.

Non-Intervention Agreement

Policy by Western democracies to avoid involvement.

Condor Legion

Nazi Germany's military unit aiding Franco.

Francoist Dictatorship

Authoritarian regime in Spain lasting until 1975.

Militarism

Glorification of armed forces; arms buildup.

Alliances

Military pacts between countries (Triple Entente, Triple Alliance).

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914)

Triggering event of WWI.

Zimmermann Telegram

German proposal to Mexico to join war against U.S.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

German policy that led to U.S. entry into WWI.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Ended WWI; blamed and punished Germany.

14 Points

Wilson’s peace plan advocating self-determination.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

U.S. program to supply Allies with arms.

Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941)

Japanese attack leading to U.S. entry into WWII.

War Production Board

Converted industries to war production.

Double V Campaign

Victory against fascism abroad and racism at home.

Internment Camps

Detention of Japanese Americans during WWII.

Manhattan Project

Secret U.S. program to build atomic bombs.

Hiroshima & Nagasaki (1945)

Atomic bombings ending the war in the Pacific.

Truman Doctrine (1947)

U.S. promise to contain communism.

Marshall Plan

U.S. economic aid to rebuild Western Europe.

Bay of Pigs (1961)

Failed U.S.-backed invasion of Cuba.

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Confrontation over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Detente

Period of relaxed tensions in 1970s.

Domino Theory

Belief that if one nation fell to communism, others would follow.

Containment

U.S. strategy to limit spread of communism.

Viet Cong

Communist insurgents in South Vietnam.

Tet Offensive (1968)

Surprise attack by North Vietnam, shifted U.S. public opinion.

Napalm/Agent Orange

Chemicals used in U.S. warfare with devastating effects.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)

Gave LBJ authority to escalate war in Vietnam.

Vietnamization

Nixon’s policy to train South Vietnamese and withdraw U.S. troops.

Kent State Massacre

1970 protest shooting that deepened antiwar sentiment.

Fall of Saigon (1975)

End of war; communist victory.