AP Biology Review Session 4_ Photosynthesis

What is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy?

Photosynthesis.

What organism is known as blue-green algae, which is photosynthetic and contributed to the evolution of chloroplasts?

Cyanobacteria.

Which group of green algae is known as the ancestor to all green land plants?

Chlorophyta.

What adaptation allows Bryophytes to reproduce, as they lack vascular tissue?

They use spores for reproduction.

What are the two main groups of Tracheophytes?

Ferns, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.

What type of plants bear naked seeds?

Gymnosperms.

What is the primary function of the stomata in plants?

Regulate gas exchange and water loss.

What is the significance of the cuticle in land plants?

It prevents water loss.

What process occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts during photosynthesis?

Light reactions.

What is the primary location where the Calvin Cycle occurs in chloroplasts?

Stroma.

How do C4 plants differ from C3 plants in terms of carbon fixation?

C4 plants separate the light reactions and Calvin Cycle spatially.

What does the term 'transpiration' refer to in plants?

The process of water evaporating from the leaves through stomata.

What is the main purpose of the ATP cycle in cellular processes?

To provide energy for metabolic reactions.

Define the term 'photosystem' in the context of photosynthesis.

A complex of proteins and pigments that captures light energy for photosynthesis.

What is a light-independent reaction also known as?

The Calvin Cycle.

Identify the two forms of NAD during redox reactions.

NAD+ (oxidized form) and NADH (reduced form).

In photosynthesis, what are the components of the water potential equation?

Ψ = Ψs + Ψp (Water Potential = Solute Potential + Pressure Potential).

What environmental condition can lead to photorespiration in C3 plants?

High temperatures causing the stomata to close.

What is the role of RuBisCo in the Calvin Cycle?

It catalyzes the reaction of RuBP with CO2 during carbon fixation.

What adaptation allows CAM plants to minimize water loss?

They separate light reactions and the Calvin Cycle temporally.

What external factors can affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Temperature, sunlight, water, and CO2 concentration.

What internal factors are primarily responsible for regulating photosynthesis rates in plants?

The amount of chlorophyll and photosynthetic pigments.