Global 10 Regents

European Trading Posts

Locations in Southeast Asia and South Africa used by European powers to control trade routes and resources.

Louis XIV (14)

King of France who centralized power by forcing nobles to live at Versailles, keeping them under his control.

Peter the Great

Russian czar who westernized Russia, built a navy, and established St. Petersburg as a 'window to Europe.'

Tokugawa Shogunate

Military government ruling Japan; maintained power by requiring daimyo (feudal lords) to spend time at Edo and live near the shogun.

Ottoman & Mughal Empires

Large Muslim empires controlling trade; declined due to internal problems, loss of tolerance, and failure to modernize.

The Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individual rights, freedom of speech, religion, and scientific thought.

John Locke

Philosopher who believed people have natural rights: life, liberty, and property.

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher who argued for strong rulers to prevent chaos and civil war.

Montesquieu

Philosopher who proposed the separation of government powers into three branches.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Early feminist who advocated for equal education for women.

William Wilberforce

Abolitionist who fought to end slavery.

Three Estates in France

1st Estate: Clergy; 2nd Estate: Nobles; 3rd Estate: Commoners paying heavy taxes and having little political power.

Causes of the French Revolution

Financial crisis, unfair tax system, influence of other revolutions, and weak leadership.

Storming of the Bastille

Symbolic start of the revolution by attacking a prison holding political prisoners.

Voting system in Estates General

Each estate had one vote; 1st and 2nd estates always outvoted 3rd estate, making reforms impossible.

Tennis Court Oath

3rd estate vowed to create a new constitution.

Declaration of Rights of Man & Citizen

Document stating all men have rights such as liberty and equality.

Reign of Terror

Period of extreme violence where thousands were executed.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Military leader who took power after the revolution; reformed laws but also conquered much of Europe.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting to restore Europe to pre-revolutionary order, reinstating monarchies.

von Metternich

Austrian leader who pushed for restoration of monarchies and conservatism.

Balance of Power Diplomacy

Policy to keep European countries equal in power to prevent wars.

Haiti/Saint Domingue Social Structure

Rigid racial hierarchy with white colonists, free people of color, and enslaved Africans.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of Haitian independence, first successful slave revolt.

Impact of Enlightenment, American & French Revolutions

Inspired ideas of freedom and equality in Haiti and Latin America.

Latin America Social Structure

Peninsulares (Spanish-born elites), Creoles (American-born Spaniards), Mestizos/Mulattos (mixed race), Native Americans, and slaves.

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan leader who fought for Latin American independence.

Gran Colombia

Vision of a united South America under Bolivar.

Nationalism

Pride and loyalty to one’s nation or ethnic group.

Giuseppe Mazzini

'Soul' of Italian unification; inspired nationalist movements.

Count Camillo Cavour

'Brain' of Italian unification; used diplomacy and war to unify Italy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

'Sword' of unification; led the Red Shirts army.

Prussia

Most powerful German state before unification due to strong military.

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian leader who used war and industrial strength to unify Germany.

Realpolitik

Practical politics focused on power, not ideology or ethics.

Agriculture Revolution

New farming techniques like enclosure movement, crop rotation, seed drill improved productivity.

Switch from Cottage System to Factory System

Production moved from homes to factories, increasing efficiency.

Industrial Revolution Start

Began in England due to resources and waterways.

Urbanization Problems

Crowded cities, poor sanitation, disease, and bad working conditions.

Cholera

Deadly disease spread by contaminated water.

Great Stink

London's sewage pollution causing health crises.

Sadler Report

Government investigation exposing factory abuses.

Irish Potato Famine

Crop failure causing mass starvation and migration.

Adam Smith & Wealth of Nations

Economist promoting free markets without government interference.

Laissez Faire

Policy of minimal government interference in the economy.

Invisible Hand

Idea that individuals pursuing self-interest benefit society.

Thomas Malthus

Claimed population growth would outpace food supply, causing war/disease to reduce numbers.

Robert Owen

Social reformer who improved factory conditions.

Karl Marx

Founder of communism; critiqued capitalism.

Labor Unions

Worker organizations fighting for rights and better conditions.

Definition of New Imperialism

Late 19th-century European quest for colonies for resources and power.

Causes of New Imperialism

Economic needs, nationalism, racism, and 'White Man’s Burden.'

Social Darwinism/White Man’s Burden

Racist belief that Europeans were superior and had a duty to civilize others.

David Livingstone—Henry Stanley

Explorers who opened Africa to European colonization.

Scramble for Africa

Rapid division of Africa by European powers.

Congo—King Leopold II

Brutal exploitation of Congo under Belgian King.

Cecil Rhodes

British imperialist controlling large parts of Africa.

Boer War

Conflict between British and Dutch settlers in South Africa.

Berlin Conference

Meeting where Europeans divided Africa without African input.

Shaka Zulu & Maji Maji Rebellion

African resistance leaders/revolts against imperialism.

Liberia & Ethiopia Independence

African countries that resisted colonization.

India’s Value

Rich in resources, large population, and strategic location.

Causes of Sepoy Rebellion

Indian soldiers’ anger over cultural disrespect and British control.

Effect of Sepoy Mutiny

British government took direct control of India.

Muhammad Ali (Egypt)

Modernized Egypt’s military and economy.

Suez Canal

Vital waterway connecting Mediterranean and Red Sea.

European Trade with China

Desire for tea, silk, and porcelain.

Opium Wars

Conflicts over British opium trade; led to Chinese defeat.

Treaty of Nanjing

Unequal treaty favoring Britain after Opium War.

Taiping & Boxer Rebellion

Chinese uprisings against foreign influence.

Self-Strengthening Movement

Chinese effort to modernize while preserving tradition.

Open Door Policy

US policy to keep China open to all foreign trade.

Spheres of Influence

Areas where foreign powers controlled trade in China.

Matthew Perry—Treaty of Kanagawa

US forced Japan to open ports to trade.

Meiji Restoration

Japan’s modernization and industrialization to resist imperialism.

MAIN Causes

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.

Balkan 'Powder Keg'

Region prone to conflict due to ethnic tensions.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Spark that started WWI.

Schlieffen Plan

German plan to quickly defeat France then Russia.

Total War

Entire nation’s resources mobilized for war.

Why US Entered War

German submarine warfare and Zimmermann Telegram.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Russia’s peace treaty with Germany exiting WWI.

Paris Peace Conference

Meeting to set postwar terms.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty punishing Germany after WWI.

Wilson’s 14 Points

Plan for peace and self-determination.

National Self-Determination

Right of people to choose their own government.

Mandate System

Allied control over former colonies.

League of Nations

International organization to prevent war.

Countries upset with Treaty

Germany lost land; others got less than expected.

Marxism (Communism)

Theory advocating classless society.

Czar Nicholas II

Last Russian czar; autocratic rule.

Russo-Japanese War

Russia lost to Japan, weakening czarist rule.

Bloody Sunday 1905

Protesters shot by czar’s troops.

Russians’ Discontent WWI

Food shortages, high casualties, poor leadership under czar.

Provisional Government Problems

Continued war, lost support.

Bolshevik Revolution & Lenin

Overthrew provisional government; promised 'peace, land, bread'.

New Russia

Became USSR with communist government.

Lenin’s New Economic Policy

Temporary capitalism to rebuild economy.

USSR Five Year Plan

Stalin’s plan to industrialize rapidly.

Collectivization of Farms

Forced pooling of farms under state control.