Global 10 Regents
The World in 1750 - Roll Call
European Trading Posts
Locations in Southeast Asia and South Africa used by European powers to control trade routes and resources.
Louis XIV (14)/Palace of Versailles
King of France who centralized power by forcing nobles to live at Versailles, keeping them under his control.
Peter the Great/St. Petersburg
Russian czar who westernized Russia, built a navy, and established St. Petersburg as a "window to Europe."
Tokugawa Shogunate - Japan
Military government ruling Japan; maintained power by requiring daimyo (feudal lords) to spend time at Edo (alternate attendance system) and live near the shogun.
Ottoman & Mughal Empires
Large Muslim empires controlling trade; declined due to internal problems, loss of tolerance, and failure to modernize.
The World in 1750 - The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment
Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individual rights, freedom of speech, religion, and scientific thought.
John Locke
Philosopher who believed people have natural rights: life, liberty, and property.
Thomas Hobbes
Philosopher who argued for strong rulers to prevent chaos and civil war.
Montesquieu
Philosopher who proposed the separation of government powers into three branches.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Early feminist who advocated for equal education for women.
William Wilberforce
Abolitionist who fought to end slavery.
The Age of Revolutions: The French Revolution
Three Estates in France
1st Estate: Clergy; 2nd Estate: Nobles; 3rd Estate: Commoners paying heavy taxes and having little political power.
Causes of the French Revolution
Financial crisis, unfair tax system, influence of other revolutions, and weak leadership.
Storming of the Bastille
Symbolic start of the revolution by attacking a prison holding political prisoners.
Voting system in Estates General
Each estate had one vote; 1st and 2nd estates always outvoted 3rd estate (2 to 1), making reforms impossible.
Tennis Court Oath
3rd estate vowed to create a new constitution.
Declaration of Rights of Man & Citizen
Document stating all men have rights such as liberty and equality.
Reign of Terror
Period of extreme violence where thousands were executed.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Military leader who took power after the revolution; reformed laws but also conquered much of Europe.
Congress of Vienna
Meeting to restore Europe to pre-revolutionary order, reinstating monarchies.
von Metternich
Austrian leader who pushed for restoration of monarchies and conservatism.
Balance of Power Diplomacy
Policy to keep European countries equal in power to prevent wars.
Haitian & Latin American Revolutions
Haiti/Saint Domingue Social Structure
Rigid racial hierarchy with white colonists, free people of color, and enslaved Africans.
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Leader of Haitian independence, first successful slave revolt.
Impact of Enlightenment, American & French Revolutions
Inspired ideas of freedom and equality in Haiti and Latin America.
Latin America Social Structure
Peninsulares (Spanish-born elites), Creoles (American-born Spaniards), Mestizos/Mulattos (mixed race), Native Americans, and slaves.
Simon Bolivar
Venezuelan leader who fought for Latin American independence.
Gran Colombia
Vision of a united South America under Bolivar.
Nationalism/Unification
Nationalism
Pride and loyalty to one’s nation or ethnic group.
Giuseppe Mazzini
"Soul" of Italian unification; inspired nationalist movements.
Count Camillo Cavour
"Brain" of Italian unification; used diplomacy and war to unify Italy.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
"Sword" of unification; led the Red Shirts army.
Prussia
Most powerful German state before unification due to strong military.
Otto von Bismarck (Blood & Iron)
Prussian leader who used war and industrial strength to unify Germany.
Realpolitik
Practical politics focused on power, not ideology or ethics.
Industrial Revolution
Agriculture Revolution
New farming techniques like enclosure movement, crop rotation, seed drill improved productivity.
Switch from Cottage System to Factory System
Production moved from homes to factories, increasing efficiency.
Industrial Revolution Start
Began in England due to resources and waterways.
Urbanization Problems
Crowded cities, poor sanitation, disease, and bad working conditions.
Cholera
Deadly disease spread by contaminated water.
Great Stink
London's sewage pollution causing health crises.
Sadler Report
Government investigation exposing factory abuses.
Impact of Industrial Revolution
Irish Potato Famine
Crop failure causing mass starvation and migration.
Adam Smith & Wealth of Nations
Economist promoting free markets without government interference.
Laissez Faire
Policy of minimal government interference in the economy.
Invisible Hand
Idea that individuals pursuing self-interest benefit society.
Thomas Malthus
Claimed population growth would outpace food supply, causing war/disease to reduce numbers.
Robert Owen
Social reformer who improved factory conditions.
Karl Marx
Founder of communism; critiqued capitalism.
Labor Unions
Worker organizations fighting for rights and better conditions.
New Imperialism
Definition
Late 19th-century European quest for colonies for resources and power.
Causes of New Imperialism
Economic needs, nationalism, racism, and "White Man’s Burden."
Social Darwinism/White Man’s Burden
Racist belief that Europeans were superior and had a duty to civilize others.
David Livingstone—Henry Stanley
Explorers who opened Africa to European colonization.
Scramble for Africa
Rapid division of Africa by European powers.
Congo—King Leopold II
Brutal exploitation of Congo under Belgian King.
Cecil Rhodes
British imperialist controlling large parts of Africa.
Boer War
Conflict between British and Dutch settlers in South Africa.
Berlin Conference
Meeting where Europeans divided Africa without African input.
Shaka Zulu & Maji Maji Rebellion
African resistance leaders/revolts against imperialism.
Liberia & Ethiopia Independence
African countries that resisted colonization.
India’s Value
Rich in resources, large population, and strategic location.
Causes of Sepoy Rebellion
Indian soldiers’ anger over cultural disrespect and British control.
Effect of Sepoy Mutiny
British government took direct control of India.
Muhammad Ali (Egypt)
Modernized Egypt’s military and economy.
Suez Canal
Vital waterway connecting Mediterranean and Red Sea.
European Trade with China
Desire for tea, silk, and porcelain.
Opium Wars
Conflicts over British opium trade; led to Chinese defeat.
Treaty of Nanjing
Unequal treaty favoring Britain after Opium War.
Taiping & Boxer Rebellion
Chinese uprisings against foreign influence.
Self-Strengthening Movement
Chinese effort to modernize while preserving tradition.
Open Door Policy
US policy to keep China open to all foreign trade.
Spheres of Influence
Areas where foreign powers controlled trade in China.
Matthew Perry—Treaty of Kanagawa
US forced Japan to open ports to trade.
Meiji Restoration
Japan’s modernization and industrialization to resist imperialism.
World War I
MAIN Causes
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.
Balkan “Powder Keg”
Region prone to conflict due to ethnic tensions.
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Spark that started WWI.
Schlieffen Plan
German plan to quickly defeat France then Russia.
Total War
Entire nation’s resources mobilized for war.
Why US Entered War
German submarine warfare and Zimmermann Telegram.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Russia’s peace treaty with Germany exiting WWI.
Paris Peace Conference
Meeting to set postwar terms.
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty punishing Germany after WWI.
Wilson’s 14 Points
Plan for peace and self-determination.
National Self-Determination
Right of people to choose their own government.
Mandate System
Allied control over former colonies.
League of Nations
International organization to prevent war.
Countries upset with Treaty
Germany lost land; others got less than expected.
Russian Revolutions
Marxism (Communism)
Theory advocating classless society.
Czar Nicholas II
Last Russian czar; autocratic rule.
Russo-Japanese War
Russia lost to Japan, weakening czarist rule.
Bloody Sunday 1905
Protesters shot by czar’s troops.
Russians’ Discontent WWI
Food shortages, high casualties, poor leadership under czar.
Provisional Government Problems
Continued war, lost support.
Bolshevik Revolution & Lenin
Overthrew provisional government; promised "peace, land, bread."
New Russia
Became USSR with communist government.
Lenin’s New Economic Policy
Temporary capitalism to rebuild economy.
Interwar Years: Rise of Authoritarians
USSR Five Year Plan
Stalin’s plan to industrialize rapidly.
Collectivization of Farms
Forced pooling of farms under state control.
Holodomor
Famine in Ukraine caused by Soviet policies.
Gulags
Soviet forced labor camps.
Kemal Ataturk
Founder of modern secular Turkey.
Shah in Iran
Monarch ruling Iran.
Great Depression
Worldwide economic collapse.
Fascism
Authoritarian, nationalist political system.
Hitler & Mussolini’s Rise
Used propaganda, nationalism, economic problems.
Similarities: Hitler, Mussolini, Japan
Militarism, nationalism, dictatorship.
Non-Aggression Pact
Agreement between Germany and USSR not to fight.
Common traits: Mussolini, Hitler & Stalin
Dictators, used terror and propaganda.
Francisco Franco
Fascist dictator of Spain.
World War II
Causes of WWII
Treaty of Versailles, economic hardship, expansionism.
League of Nations’ Reaction
Failed to stop aggressions.
Appeasement
Giving in to avoid conflict.
Blitzkrieg
“Lightning war” fast German attacks.
Battle of Britain Objective
Germany aimed to destroy British air force but failed.
Operation Barbarossa
Germany invaded USSR.
Why US Entered
Pearl Harbor attack.
Island Hopping
US strategy to retake Pacific islands.
D-Day/Liberation of Paris
Allied invasion of Normandy and freeing France.
Manhattan Project
US atomic bomb program.
Effects of WWII
Devastation, Cold War beginnings, UN formed.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
UN document stating basic human rights.
United Nations
Organization to promote peace.
The Holocaust
Nazi genocide of Jews and others.
Nuremberg Trials
Trials for Nazi war crimes.
Cold War
Causes of Cold War
US vs USSR ideological conflict after WWII.
NATO—Warsaw Pact
Military alliances of West and East.
Truman Doctrine
US policy to contain communism.
Marshall Plan
US aid to rebuild Europe.
Berlin Blockade/Airlift/Wall
USSR blocked West Berlin; US airlifted supplies; wall divided city.
Korean War
Conflict to stop communism spreading to South Korea.
Containment/Domino Theory
Stop communism spread fearing falling countries.
Space Race
Competition for space achievements.
Cuban Revolution/Fidel Castro
Communist takeover in Cuba.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Failed US attempt to overthrow Castro.
Cuban Missile Crisis
USSR placed missiles in Cuba; close to nuclear war.
Ho Chi Minh
Vietnamese communist leader.
Vietnam War
Conflict to stop communism in Vietnam.
Prague Spring
Failed attempt to reform communism in Czechoslovakia.
Détente
Easing of Cold War tensions.
SALT Talks
Arms limitation negotiations.
Soviet-Afghan War
USSR invaded Afghanistan; guerilla resistance.
Mikhail Gorbachev—Perestroika & Glasnost
Reforms to open economy and government.
Communist China
May Fourth Movement
Student protests against foreign control.
Chinese Civil War
Conflict between Mao (communists) and Chiang Kai-shek (nationalists).
Mao’s Victory
Communists took control in 1949.
Great Leap Forward
Mao’s failed economic plan causing famine.
Cultural Revolution
Mao’s campaign to enforce communism and remove opposition.
Deng Xiaoping—4 Modernizations
Reforms in agriculture, industry, defense, science.
Tiananmen Square
1989 protest for democracy crushed by government.
Decolonization in Africa
Pan-Africanism
Movement to unite Africans and fight colonialism.
Kwame Nkrumah
Leader of Ghana’s independence and Pan-Africanism.
Jomo Kenyatta
Kenyan independence leader.
Algeria
Violent war for independence from France.
Difference: Algeria vs Ghana vs Kenya
Algeria: violent war; Ghana: peaceful negotiation; Kenya: guerrilla warfare.
Decolonization of India
Indian National Congress—Muslim League
Political groups representing Hindu and Muslim interests.
Mohandas Gandhi
Leader of nonviolent resistance.
Amritsar Massacre
British troops killed unarmed protesters.
Homespun Movement
Boycott of British cloth promoting Indian-made goods.
Civil Disobedience
Refusal to obey unjust laws peacefully.
Salt March
Protest against British salt tax.
Partition of India
Division into India and Pakistan based on religion.
Kashmir Conflict
Dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir region.
Green Revolution
Agricultural improvements increasing food production.
Decolonization in South Africa
Apartheid
Legal system of racial segregation and discrimination.
African National Congress
Organization fighting apartheid.
Nelson Mandela
ANC leader, first black president of South Africa.
Sharpeville
Massacre of peaceful protesters.
F.W. de Klerk
Last apartheid president who helped end it.
1994 in South Africa
Year Mandela was elected president, ending apartheid.
Human Rights Violations (Genocide)
Holocaust
Nazi genocide of 6 million Jews and others.
Nuremberg Trials
Trials for Nazi war crimes.
United Nations—Declaration of Human Rights
Universal statement of human rights.
Armenian Genocide
Ottoman Empire’s mass killing of Armenians.
Ukrainian Genocide (Holodomor)
Soviet-caused famine killing millions in Ukraine.
Rwanda Genocide
Mass slaughter of Tutsi by Hutu extremists.
Sudan Genocide
Ethnic cleansing in Darfur region.
Cambodian Genocide
Khmer Rouge killing millions.
Yugoslavian Genocide
Ethnic cleansing during Balkan wars.
Mothers of Plaza de Mayo
Argentine group protesting disappearances under dictatorship.
Arab-Israeli Conflict
Zionism—Theodor Herzl
Movement for Jewish homeland, led by Herzl.
Balfour Declaration
British support for Jewish homeland in Palestine.
UN plan for Israel & Creation of Israel (1947-48)
UN partition plan; Israel declared independence.
War for Independence
Arab-Israeli conflict after Israel’s creation.
Arab Displacement
Palestinians fleeing or forced from homes.
Six-Day War, Yom Kippur War
Major Arab-Israeli conflicts.
Camp David Accords
Peace agreement between Israel and Egypt.
Globalization & Misc.
Globalization
Increasing global connection economically, culturally, politically.
Market Economy vs. Command Economy vs. Mixed Economy
Market: supply & demand driven; Command: government controlled; Mixed: combination.
NAFTA & USMCA
Trade agreements between US, Canada, Mexico.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Organization providing loans to countries.
Kyoto Protocol
International agreement to reduce greenhouse gases.
World Health Organization
UN agency promoting global health.
UNICEF
UN organization supporting children.
Green Revolution
Technology and farming improvements increasing food production.
Climate Change
Long-term changes in global weather patterns.
Global Migration
Movement of people across countries.
Climate Refugees
People forced to move due to environmental changes.
Scarcity
Limited availability of resources.