Protestant reformation final study guide

What happened within the various belief systems during the period from 1450 to 1750?

There was continuity and change from 1450 to 1750.

What did the Protestant Reformation mark and what religion did it contribute growth to?

It marked a break with existing Christian traditions and contributed to the growth of Christianity.

When did the Protestant reformation begin?

Early 13th century

What was the name of the German priest that issued the Ninety Five Theses?

Martin Luther

What did Martin Luther criticize the church for selling?

Indulgences

What did Luther argue salvation was gained through

Faith alone (Latin: solo fide)

What helped spread reformation ideas?

The printing press

Why did some leaders support Martin Luther?

Because it helped them justify independence from the church and gain control of the lands and taxes held before by the Catholic Church.

What was agreed upon among each German state?

Religion would be decided by its ruler

What does the catholic church believe about religion

Pope and Church hierarchy

What does the protestant church believe about religion

The bible, as interpreted by individuals

What does the catholic church believe about Salvation

Through sacraments and good work.

What does the Protestant church believe about Salvation

Through faith alone

How does the catholic church view the Status of Mary

Highly prominent

How does the protestant church view the Status of Mary

Less prominent

What was the counter reformation led by?

Counter Catholic Reformation

What did the reforms include?

Prohibition of selling indulgences, Outlawing simony(buying church positions), establishment of semenaries to train priests.

what did the index of prohibited books include works of?

Works from Galleio and Copernicus

What spread through missionary and merchant activities?

Chirsitanity spread through this

What did the Catholic Church retain?

Wealth, power, and influence

What churches did the Protestant Reformation lead to the creation of?

Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican churches.

What was the bible published in?

It was published in spoken languages and increased literacy rates.

The Reformation reduced the veneration of what?

Mary and female saints

How did Protestantism encourage literacy for women?

By reading the bible, but emphasizing their roles as women and wives.

What was the effect of Martin Luther issuing the Ninety Five Theses?

The Catholic Church was then weakened because of Luther’s writings

What was the effect of the invention of the printing press?

The printing press helped get Luther’s ideas out and spread.

What was the effect of Martin Luther’s criticizing the Catholic church for selling indulgences?

The idea that salvation came through faith alone was recognized, and indulgences not being seen astrue faith was the effect.

What was the effect of the corruption of the Catholic church?

Religious wars were the result.

What were the worldviews of the Enlightenment based on?

Progress, rationalism, and a humanistic worldview.

What were thinkers optimistic about?

Mankind’s abilities

What did the Enlightenment emerge out of?

The scientific revolution. It also helped spark the French revolution

What did Enlightenment thinkers believe?

That everything had a cause and effect, and that reason could lead to truth.

What did people no longer only look to for life’s questions?

Religion

Who was the main spokesperson, and what city became the center of Enlightenment thought?

The rising middle class was the main spokesperson. Paris became the center for Enlightenment thought.

What were Newton’s ideas on?

His ideas were on gravity-which suggested that the universe is orderly and governed by natural laws.

What was one of the laws people lived by and began to believe in?

Liberty(freedom)

What did many thinkers start to oppose and what idea did that include?

Many thinkers began to oppose slavery and this included the idea that “All men are created equal.”,

How did people share enlightenment ideas?

At salons(social gatherings) and though writings like Diderot’s encyclopedia.

What did thinkers question?

Society, the church, the king, trade, torture, and the special privileges of the nobles.

Who was imprisoned because of these challenges to authority?

Diderot

Who was Montesquieu, and what did he call the three branches of power?

He wrote The Spirit of the Laws, arguing that the British system was ideal because power was divided among three branches: Legislative, Judicial, and Executive.

What were the three branches(Legislative, Judicial, and Executive) known as?

Checks and Balances.

Who was Voltaire?

Voltaire wrote plays, histories, essays, and poems criticizing government practices he thought were unjust.

What did Voltaire fight for?

He fought for religous freedom and freedom of speech.

What is a famous quote by Voltaire?

“Prejudices are what fools use for reason.”

What did John Locke believe?

Governments must protect people’s rights such as life, liberty, and property.

What did John Lock say people enter with their government?

People enter a social contract with their government, and if rulers break it, the people have the right to rebel.

What did Hobbes believe about people?

People are naturally selfish and violent and cannot be trusted.

What did Hobbes believe people needed in a ruler?

People needed a strong, absolute ruler to keep order and peace.

What did Rousseau believe about people and their own environment?

People are born good, but are corrupted by their environment, education, and laws.

What is the best government in the words of Rousseau?

“By and for the people.”

The system where government follows the will of the people is called…

Popular sovereignty (the idea that government is based on what the people want).

Define natural laws

A body of unchanging moral principles regarded as a basis for all human conduct

Define hierarchies

a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.

Define advocating

publicly recommend or support.

Define absolute monarch

a ruler (king or queen) with total, unrestricted power over a state

Define optimistic

hopeful and confident about the future.

Define philosophes

French Enlightenment intellectuals of the 18th century—writers, scientists, and thinkers

Define satire

The use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.

Define tyranny

cruel and oppressive government or rule.

Define constitutions

a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.

Define legitimate

conforming to the law or to rules.

make legitimate; justify or make lawful.

Define vindication

The action of clearing someone of blame or suspicion.

Define baroque style

A dramatic, ornate, and grand artistic movement (c. 1600-1750) emerging from Italy, known for intense emotion, movement, and rich detail,

Define Neoclassicism

A major artistic and cultural movement from the mid-18th to early 19th centuries, reviving the styles, themes, and ideals of ancient Greece and Rome, emphasizing reason, order, simplicity, and moral virtue.

Define despots

A ruler or other person who holds absolute power, typically one who exercises it cruelly or oppressively.cruelly or oppressive.

Define censorship

The suppression or removal of writing, artistic work, etc., that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security.

Define serfdom

the state of being a serf or feudal laborer.

Define abolishing

formally put an end to (a system, practice, or institution).

Define uprising

An act of resistance or rebellion; a revolt.

Define parliament

The supreme law-making body of a country, an assembly of elected representatives

Define enlightenment

a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.

Define conviction

A formal declaration that someone is guilty of a criminal offense, made by the verdict of a jury or the decision of a judge in a court of law.

Who is Adam Smith?

a Scottish philosopher and economist, considered the "Father of Modern Economics" for his foundational work, The Wealth of Nations (1776), which introduced concepts like the "invisible hand" he advocated for free markets and self-interest leading to societal benefit, though his philosophy was more nuanced.

Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?

An English writer, philosopher, and early feminist, considered a foundational figure for her radical ideas advocating equal rights and education for women, famously articulated in her masterpiece, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.

Who is Hobbes?

A pivotal 17th-century English philosopher, scientist, and historian, most famous for his masterpiece Leviathan (1651) and his contributions to modern political philosophy, particularly social contract theory, arguing for strong sovereign power to maintain order and prevent the chaos of a "state of nature". He viewed human life without government as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short,

Who is Voltaire?

A prolific French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his advocacy of civil liberties like freedom of religion, free trade, and separation of church and state, fiercely criticizing religious intolerance and political oppression through witty, satirical works like Candide, which championed reason, skepticism, and individual rights, profoundly influencing the French and American Revolutions.