Unit 3 & 4 AP World History

#APWorldHistory

Gunpowder Empires

Five major gunpowder empires: Ottoman, Mughal, Safavid Empire, Russia, Songhai, Manchu.

Conflict Reasons

Two reasons for conflict: Wanting to expand land (demand>supply) and differing religious beliefs (Sunni, Shi'a).

Imperial

One empire having more authority and exerting that control over foreign territories.

Monumental Architecture

Structure that with past importance (historically ex. Taj Mahal).

Tributary System

System where China had weaker states paying gifts, establishing dominance over foreign neighboring powers.

Devshirme System

Christian families gave up children as soldiers for the empire, converting them to Islam (Janissaries).

Art and Architecture Legitimization

Rulers used wealth to build monumental structures to showcase strength and assert rule.

Example of Art for Legitimization

The Russian Orthodox church built grand churches to promote their culture; the Taj Mahal demonstrated wealth and power.

Tax Farming

A tax collector took up the taxes and paid money to the government but kept some for himself.

Zamindar System

Land owners collected taxes for the government or military.

Martin Luther's Issues

Disagreed with indulgences, priestly power, and papal excommunication.

Protestantism

No pope, no middle person, individuals connect with God directly.

Catholicism

Corrupt with Pope, showcased wealth through massive church projects, practiced indulgences.

Sunni vs. Shi'a Islam

Disagreement on which ruler should succeed the prophet Muhammad.

Sikhism

A blend of Hinduism and Islam, promoting equality and tolerance.

Technological Innovations

Five innovations: Astronomical chart, Lateen sail, Magnetic compass, Astrolabe, Caravel.

Maritime Empires

Five maritime empires: Spain, Portugal, France, England, Dutch (Netherlands).

Trading Post Empire

Empires claiming small land portions for trade control without settling down.

Impact of European Colonization

Brought diseases, enslaved indigenous peoples, overgrazed fields, took over territories.

Hacienda System

Similar to feudal system, with specific roles and responsibilities for colonizers.

Indentured Servitude vs. Chattel Slavery

Indentured servants were legally human with a contract; chattel slaves were considered property.

Cultural Synthesis

Bringing cultures together to create a new one, like Sikhism.

Mercantilism

Wealth measured in precious metals, favorable balance of trade, colonies enrich the mother country.

Joint-Stock Companies

Allowed investors to pool money for explorations, sharing profits and losses.

New Trade Items

Three major items: Tobacco, Sugar, Rum.

Slave Trade Impact on Gender Roles

TransAtlantic focused on males; Transaharan mostly involved women as concubines and servants.

Religious Tolerance in Empires

The Ottoman Empire was mostly tolerant of other religions or ethnic groups.

Qing Empire Tolerance

The Qing Empire was the least tolerant of other religions or ethnic groups.

Castas System Levels

Peninsulares: Born on the Iberian peninsula; Creoles: Born in Americas to Iberian parents; Mestizos: European and Native American; Mulattos: European and African.

Bottom of the Castas System

Africans and Native Americans.

Qing Ethnicity Impact

Manchurian ethnicity allowed them to maintain some of their own ways to legitimize power.