Language of Medicine chapter 7

arteriole

small artery

bowman capsule

enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus

calyx, calix

cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis

catheter

tube for injecting or collecting fluids

cortex

outer region; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney

creatinine

waste products of muscle metabolism; nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine.

electrolyte

a chemical that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water

erythropoietin (EPO)

a hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow

filtration

passive process whereby some substances, but not all pas through a filter or other material

glomerulus

tiny ball of capillaries in cortex of the kidney

hilum

depression or hollow in that part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave

kidney

One of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region.

meatus

opening or canal

medulla

inner region

micturition

urination; the act of voiding

nephron

combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and, secretion take place in the kidney

nitrogenous waste

substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine

potassium (K+)

an electrolyte important to body processes

reabsorption

in this process, the renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream

renal artery

blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney

renal pelvis

Central collecting region in the kidney

renal tubule

microscopic tube in the kidney in which urine is formed after filtration

renal vein

blood vessel that caries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart

renin

An enzymatic hormone synthesized, stored, and secreted by the kidney

sodium (Na+)

an electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys

trigone

triangular area in the urinary bladder in which the ureters enter and the urethra exits

urea

major nitrogenous waste product excreted in urine

ureter

tube leading from each kidney to the urinary bladder

urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

uric acid

a nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine

urinary bladder

hollow muscular sac that holds and stores urine

urination

process of expelling urine; also called micturition

voiding

emptying of urine from the urinary bladder; urination or micturition.

cali/o, calic/o

calyx or calix

cyst/o

urinary bladder

glomerul/o

glomerulus

meat/o

meatus

nephr/o

kidney

pyel/o

renal pelvis

ren/o

kidney 1

trigon/o

trigone

ureter/o

ureter

urethr/o

urethra

vesic/o

urinary bladder 1

albumin/o

albumin

azot/o

nitrogen

bacteri/o

bacteria

dips/o

thirst

ket/o, keton/o

ketone bodies

lith/o

stone

noct/o

night

olig/o

scanty

-poietin

substance that forms

py/o

pus

-tripsy

to crush

ur/o

urine (urea)

urin/o

urine

-uria

urination; urine condition

urinalysis

the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements that may indicate pathology

color

normal urine is yellow

appearance

normal urine should be clear

pH

normal urine is slightly acidic

protein

small amounts of protein are in normal urine

glucose

sugar is not normally found in urine

specific gravity

reflects the amount of wastes, minerals, and solids present in the urine

ketone bodies

the product of the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available in the cells

sediments and casts

the presence of abnormal particles in the urine

phenylketonuria

a genetic disorder in which the body cannot metabolize phenylalanine

bilirubin

the pigment substance, which results from hemoglobin breakdown

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the kidney glomerulus

interstitial nephritis

inflammation of the renal interstitium

nephrolithiasis

kidney stones

nephrotic syndrome

a group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine

polycystic kidney disease

multiple fluid-filled sacs within and on the kidney

pyelonephritis

inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal medulla

renal cell carcinoma

cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood

renal failure

failure of the kidney to excrete wastes and maintain its filtration function

renal hypertension

high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease

wilm's tumor

malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood

bladder cancer

malignant tumor of the urinary bladder

diabetes insipidus

inadequate secretion or resistance of the kidney to the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

diabetes mellitus

inadequate secretion or improper utilization of insulin

blood urea nitrogen

measurement of urea levels in blood

creatinine clearance

measures the rate in which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney

CT scan

x-ray image showing a detailed cross-sectional view of organs and tissues

kidneys, ureters, and bladder

x-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and, bladder

renal angiography

x-ray examination (with contrast) of the vascular system (blood vessels)of the kidney

retrograde pyelogram

x-ray imaging of the kidneys, ureters, and, bladder after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters

voiding cystourethrogram

x-ray record (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding urine

ultrasonography

process of imaging urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves

radioisotope scan

image of the kidney after injecting into the blood stream a radioactive substance (radioisotope) that concentrates in the kidney

magnetic resonance

a magnetic field and radio waves produce images of the kidney and surrounding structures in all three planes of the body

cystoscopy

direct visual examination of urinary bladder with an endoscope or cystoscope

dialysis

process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the bloodstream when the kidneys no longer function

hemodialysis

uses an artificial kidney machine that receives waste-filled blood from the patients bloodstream, filters it, and returns the dialyzed blood to the patient's body

peritoneal dialysis

uses a peritoneal catheter to introduce fluid into the abdominal cavity

lithotripsy

urinary stones are crushed and either removed or pass from the body in urine

renal angioplasty

dilation of narrowed areas in the renal arteries

renal biopsy

removal of the kidney for microscopic examination by a pathologist

renal transplantation

surgical transfer of a complete kidney from a donor to a recipient