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AP Bio Unit 5
AP Bio Unit 5
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38 Terms
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1
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What was the focus of Mendel’s work with pea plants?
To understand heredity.
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Why did Mendel choose pea plants for his experiments?
They have a short generation time, many traits with two distinct forms, and allow controlled breeding.
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What is a true-breeding plant?
A plant that produces offspring identical to itself when self-pollinated.
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What is a gene?
A unit of heredity; a segment of DNA coding for a trait.
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Define allele.
Different versions of a gene.
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What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?
Homozygous has two identical alleles (AA or aa), while heterozygous has two different alleles (Aa).
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What is the meaning of genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism (AA, Aa, or aa).
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What does phenotype refer to?
The physical expression of the gene.
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State Mendel's Law of Segregation.
Two alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation, so each gamete carries only one allele.
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What is demonstrated using a monohybrid cross?
The inheritance of one trait.
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What phenotype ratio is displayed in the F2 generation when crossing purple (P) and white (p) flowers?
A 3:1 ratio of purple to white.
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What is Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?
Genes for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation.
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How does a dihybrid cross demonstrate inheritance?
By examining two traits at once, producing a 9:3:3:1 ratio in the F2 generation.
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What is complete dominance?
When one allele completely masks the expression of another.
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What is incomplete dominance?
When the heterozygous phenotype is a blend of both alleles.
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What is codominance?
When both alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygous individual.
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What is pleiotropy?
When one gene influences multiple traits.
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What does epistasis refer to in genetics?
When one gene affects the expression of another gene.
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Explain polygenic inheritance.
When multiple genes contribute to a single trait, showing continuous variation.
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What is the impact of environment on phenotypes?
The environment can affect gene expression.
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What does the Multiplication Rule in genetics state?
The probability of independent events occurring together is the product of their probabilities.
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What is the probability described by the Addition Rule?
The probability of either of two mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of their probabilities.
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What is the expected phenotypic ratio in a monohybrid cross?
3:1 ratio.
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What ratio do you expect in a dihybrid cross?
9:3:3:1 ratio.
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What is the expected ratio for incomplete dominance?
1:2:1 ratio.
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What is a test cross expected to show?
1:1 ratio.
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What is a common pattern of inheritance for recessive disorders in humans?
They require two copies of the allele (aa) to express the disorder.
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What is characterized by an autosomal pattern of inheritance?
The inheritance of genes found on autosomes (non-sex chromosomes), which can be dominant or recessive.
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What is true about dominant inheritance?
Only one copy of the dominant allele is needed for the trait to be expressed and does not skip generations.
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Examples of dominant inheritance disorders include what?
Huntington’s, Marfan Syndrome, Dwarfism.
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What is required for a recessive inheritance trait to be expressed?
Two copies of a recessive allele are needed (aa).
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How can recessive traits skip generations?
If two carriers (Aa) have children, the trait can skip generations.
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What are the characteristics of autosomal dominant inheritance in pedigrees?
Appears in every generation, affecting both males and females equally, and affected individuals have at least one affected parent.
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In autosomal recessive inheritance, how can affected individuals appear?
They may have unaffected carrier parents, and this trait can skip generations.
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What is sex-linked inheritance?
It refers to genes located on a sex chromosome.
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Explain why X-linked recessive traits are more common in males.
Males have only one X chromosome, so one recessive allele will express the trait.
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How do affected males inherit X-linked traits?
They inherit the trait from their mother, who may be a carrier.
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What is characteristic of X-linked dominant inheritance?
Only one copy of the dominant allele is needed to express the trait, affecting both males and females, but more commonly females.