Test 2- Milk Composition

What is milk

Lacteal secretion from a mammal used to nourish its young

Raw Milk

Milk straight from the cow that has not undergone any processing

Organic milk

Milk from a cow that has not been exposed to supplemental hormones or antibiotics

Conventional Milk

Milk produced with the help of antibiotics and supplemental or conventional practices

Plasma

Milk minus its fat called skim milk or nonfat milk

Serum

Plasma minus the casein (called whey)

Milk solids- not- fat

milk minus fat and water. Composed of proteins, lactose, minerals, acids, enzymes, and vitamins

Total milk solids

Fat plus NMS

Colostrum

the first form of milk that is released after giving birth that is full of immunoglobulins

Immunoglobulins

Any class of proteins in the serum and cells of the immune system which function as antibodies

Lactose

Largest solids component of milk

Lactose intolerance

The inability to digest lactose a sugar found in milk products

Lactase

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose

Ash

The inorganic substances in milk such as minerals

Conjugated linoleic acid

A naturally occurring component of ruminant milk fat and meat with potent cancer fighting properties

What are the major constitutes in milk? What are the normal percentages for each?

Water- 87.4

Milk solids- 12.6

1. fat -3.72

2. Non solids fat -8.9

   • Lactose-4.8

   • Minerals -0.7

     Protein- 3.4

   • casein- 2.8

   • Whey protein-0.6

What are the forms of fat found in milk?

Triglycerides

Phospholipids and and other minor constitutes

Where are milk fat triglycerides manufactured?

Mammary glands and are made from three fatty acids

If they are manufactured in the mammary gland is denovo synthesis

Fatty acids used to synthesize the milk triglycerides come from two source. What are these two sources?

Denovo synthesis in Mammary and blood lipids

Are there differences in milk fat percentages between species?

Yes

Are there differences in milk fat percentages between breeds?

Yes

What are the two major causes of same cow variation of milk fat percentages?

• nutrition

• Environment

What is the major milk protein?

Casein

What are the major whey proteins in milk?

B lactoglobulin

A lactabumen

What are the minor whey proteins in milk?

Serum albumin

Immunoglobulin

Which dairy breed produces milk with the highest fat percentage?

Jerseys

Which dairy breed produces milk with the highest total solids

Jerseys

What factors affect fat percent and protein percent in milk?

• nutrition

• Genetics

• Stage of lactation

• Age

• Seasons

• Mastitis

• Mechanical errors

• Incomplete letdown

Which has the highest heritability: A) milk compounds B)fat percent and protein percent C) fat pounds and protein pounds?

B

Describe the stage of lactation effects on milk fat and protein levels.

Over the course of a lactation the milk yeild will slowly decline. The milk fat increase towards the end of lactation and the protein will stay the same

What are the two simple sugars that make up lactose

Disaccharide

Lactase

What nutrients are higher in colostrum as compared to normal milk

Everything but lactose

Which nutrient is lower in colostrum than in normal milk

Lactose

What nutrients in milk play a role in the human diet

• calcium

• Protein

• Vitamin D

• Phosphorus

• Vitamin A

• Riboflavin

• Vitamin b12

• Pantothenic acid

• Niacin

• Zinc

• Selenium

• Iodine

• Potassium

What enzyme is deficient in people who are lactose intolerant

Lactase enzyme

What are the symptoms associated with lactose intolerance

Abdominal pain

Diarrhea

Flatulence

Abdominal bloating

What are the four basic reasons for a deficiency of this enzyme?

-primary lactase deficiency

-secondary lactase deficiency

-Developmental lactase deficiency

-Congenital lactase deficiency

What dairy alternatives are available to to someone who suffers from lactose intolerance

• lactaid

• Cheese

• Yogurt

• Butter

What allergen causes milk allergies

Protein or A1 casein

What are the symptoms of a milk allergy?

Asthma And wheezing

Diarrhea

Vomiting

Gastrointestinal stress

Eczema

rhinitis

Anaphylaxis

What is the best way to prevent having an allergic reaction

Avoidance