injury

atrophy

cell becomes smaller as a result of decrease demand or reduced resources

hypertrophy

cells become larger as a result of of increased demand and cell no able to divide

hyperplasia

cells are capable of dividing to create more cells to share the work occurs when there is an increased demand or amount of signalling

metaplasia

cell change from one mature cell type to another due to longstanding environmental stimuli

dysplasia

disordered growth and maturation of cells due to cell adaption to stress

necrosis

death of cell as a result cellular disruption caused by injury or external cause

autolysis

enzymes from within the cell digest the cell contents

heterolysis

enzymes from inflammatory cells digest cell contents

pyknosis (nuclei shrink), karyolysis (dissolve), karyorrhexis (fragment)

changes of necrosis cell

coagulative necrosis

injured tissues appear pale, caused by sudden loss of oxygen to tissues such as when arterial supply is interrupted

liquefactive necrosis

injured tissues become semi-liquid, common in brain, often abundant purulent exudate (abcess)

caseous necrosis

typical of tuberculosis, dead tissue is soft and white like cream cheese

gummatous necrosis

typical of syphilis infection, bacteria enzymes digest the dead tissue to the consistency of chewing gum

hemorrhagic necrosis

dead tissues may contain red blood cells usually seen when cell death is due to blocked vein

fat necrosis

common in pancreas injury, enzymes released from damaged tissues, triglycereides released from cell bind calcium to form soaps

hydropic swelling

first observable change when a cell is reversibly damaged

intracellular accumulations

visual record of stresses that cell has faced in thee past

steatosis, cholesterol, amyloid, glycogen, pigments (anthracosis, lipofucsin, hemosiderin)

types of intracellular accumulations

steatosis

fatty change in liver reflect damage to lipid transport (alcoholism, binge drinking, malnutrition, diabetes and obesity)

amyloid

beta pleated protein seen in number of diseases (alzheimers, amyloidosis, multiple myeloma, some tumors)

anthracosis

carbon particles that are frequently seen stored long term in macrophages in lungs of people exposed to atmospheric pollution

lipofucsin

degraded phospholipids that result from the turnover of endogenous membranes. insoluble brown pigment particles

hemosiderin

golden-brown pigment composed of iron product of hemolysis

pyknosis

nuclei shrink

karyolysis

dissolve

karyorrhexis

fragment