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atrophy
cell becomes smaller as a result of decrease demand or reduced resources
hypertrophy
cells become larger as a result of of increased demand and cell no able to divide
hyperplasia
cells are capable of dividing to create more cells to share the work occurs when there is an increased demand or amount of signalling
metaplasia
cell change from one mature cell type to another due to longstanding environmental stimuli
dysplasia
disordered growth and maturation of cells due to cell adaption to stress
necrosis
death of cell as a result cellular disruption caused by injury or external cause
autolysis
enzymes from within the cell digest the cell contents
heterolysis
enzymes from inflammatory cells digest cell contents
pyknosis (nuclei shrink), karyolysis (dissolve), karyorrhexis (fragment)
changes of necrosis cell
coagulative necrosis
injured tissues appear pale, caused by sudden loss of oxygen to tissues such as when arterial supply is interrupted
liquefactive necrosis
injured tissues become semi-liquid, common in brain, often abundant purulent exudate (abcess)
caseous necrosis
typical of tuberculosis, dead tissue is soft and white like cream cheese
gummatous necrosis
typical of syphilis infection, bacteria enzymes digest the dead tissue to the consistency of chewing gum
hemorrhagic necrosis
dead tissues may contain red blood cells usually seen when cell death is due to blocked vein
fat necrosis
common in pancreas injury, enzymes released from damaged tissues, triglycereides released from cell bind calcium to form soaps
hydropic swelling
first observable change when a cell is reversibly damaged
intracellular accumulations
visual record of stresses that cell has faced in thee past
steatosis, cholesterol, amyloid, glycogen, pigments (anthracosis, lipofucsin, hemosiderin)
types of intracellular accumulations
steatosis
fatty change in liver reflect damage to lipid transport (alcoholism, binge drinking, malnutrition, diabetes and obesity)
amyloid
beta pleated protein seen in number of diseases (alzheimers, amyloidosis, multiple myeloma, some tumors)
anthracosis
carbon particles that are frequently seen stored long term in macrophages in lungs of people exposed to atmospheric pollution
lipofucsin
degraded phospholipids that result from the turnover of endogenous membranes. insoluble brown pigment particles
hemosiderin
golden-brown pigment composed of iron product of hemolysis
pyknosis
nuclei shrink
karyolysis
dissolve
karyorrhexis
fragment