langlit 11: finals

mythology

derived from the Greek words "mythos" which means story-of-the-people, and "logos" which means word or speech

myth

traditional form of Literature that focuses on the origin of things and supernatural powers

etiological mythology

explain why a certain thing is a way it is or how it came to be

historical mythology

retell an event from the past but elevate it with greater meaning
than the actual event (if it even happened)

Hesiod's Theogony

the first literary text that offered the first written origin story of Greek mythology

Zeus

the King of the Gods and the god of
the sky, weather, law and order,
destiny and fate, and kingship

Hera

the Olympian queen of the gods, and
the goddess of marriage, women, the
sky and the stars of heaven

Poseidon

the Olympian god of the sea,
earthquakes, floods, drought, and
horses

Demeter

the Olympian goddess of agriculture,
grain, and bread who sustained
mankind with the earth's rich bounty

Ares

the Olympian god of war, battle lust, courage, and civil order

Aphrodite

the Olympian goddess of love, beauty, pleasure, and procreation

Artemis

the Olympian goddess of hunting, the wilderness and wild animals, and also childbirth

Dionysus

the Olympian god of wine, vegetation, pleasure, festivity, madness, and wild frenzy

Hephaestus

the Olympian god of fire, smiths, craftsmen, metalworking, stonemasonry, and sculpture

Hermes

the Olympian god of herds and flocks, travelers, and hospitality. The guide of the dead who led souls down into the underworld

Apollo

the Olympian god of prophecy and oracles, music, song and poetry, archery, healing, plague and disease, and the protection of the young

Athena

the Olympian goddess of wisdom and good counsel, war, the defense of towns, heroic endeavor, weaving, pottery, and various other crafts

Hades

the king of the underworld and god of the dead

Hestia

the virgin goddess of the hearth (both private and municipal) and the home

Eros

the mischievous god of love, a minion and constant companion of the goddess Aphrodite

Shang Dynasty (1700-1050 BC)

a. Development of Chinese Writing
b. Its hieroglyphic writing system later evolved into ideographic and partly-phonetic Chinese characters

Zhou Dynasty (1045-255 BC)

a. Basic Philosophical and Religious Literature
b. The simultaneous emergence of religions and philosophies called “One Hundred Schools of Thought” happened

Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC)

a. Literary Disaster and Legalism
b. "Legalism" justified the strong control of the emperor and maintained that everyone should obey him

Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD)

a. Scientific and Historical Texts
b. A former peasant leader overthrew the Qin Empire
c. Confucian texts were rewritten and republished mixed with the Legalism philosophy of Li Si

Tang Dynasty (618-907)

a. Early Woodblock Printing and Poetry
b. Travel literature became popular

Song Dynasty (960-1279)

a. Early Woodblock Printing, Travel Literature, Poetry Scientific Texts, and the Neo-Confucian Classics
b. It was considered to be weaker than the Tang Dynasty, but the imperial government officials made remarkable scientific and technical advances

Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368)

a. Drama and Great Fictional Novels
b. led by Mongols, a big empire with high technology, a big population, and a big army

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

a. The Chinese rebelled against the Mongols
b. The Journey to the West - is based on the historical journey of a Buddhist to India during the Tang era to learn Buddhist teachings and bring back scriptures and information

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

a. Novels and Pre-modern Literature
b. The last of China’s four great classic novels was written called Dream of the Red Chamber (红楼梦); and near the end of the era, modernist literature developed

chéngyǔ

Chinese proverbs that are 4 characters long

yànyǔ

Chinese proverbs of 'familiar sayings' that are 6 or more characters long

Kojiki

one of the oldest Japanese extant works with the English translation of “Record of Ancient Matters"

Nihon Shoki

contains the “Chronicles of Japan" from the Earliest Times to 697 A.D.

Matsuo Basho

popularized the short Japanese poem called Haiku during the Edo Period

Manyoshu

the first compilation of Japanese poems dating back to the Nara Period in the 8th century and contains about 4500 poems written by royalty and commoners alike

Haiku

● 5 - 7 - 5 syllables
● must contain the seasonal
words “Kigo”, and the image and
emotion of each seasonal word.
● established as poetry based on the mind of “Wabi” which is the aesthetic sense of the acceptance of transience

Tanka

● 5 - 7 - 5 - 7 - 7 syllables
● 5-7-5 is called “Kamino-ku” (upper phrase), and 7-7 is called “Shimono-ku” (lower phrase)
● characterized by a lot of poems with the theme of love

Vedas

the earliest Indian literature in the form of the canonical Hindu sacred writings

Ramayana

● A long idealistic poem containing 24,000 verses, and was attributed to Valmiki, around the 5th century
● The story talks about the journey of Rama and the triumph of good over evil which is shown through his victory when he defeated the demon Ravana who had abducted his wife

Mahabrata

● A very long realistic poem containing 100,000 verses attributed to Vyasa, from the 4th century
● The war against Kauravas and Pandavas
● Duryodhana, who is the main antagonist in the story is said to live against dharma or the moral order

Pre-Colonial Period

● Cultural traditions became the major literary inspiration during the pre-colonial period
● Baybayin was the script the Filipinos used for writing in Luzon and Visayas
● People from Mindanao primarily spoke Arabic

Spanish Colonial Period

● Doctrina Christiana became the first book ever published in the Philippines
● The first Filipino alphabet which is Baybayin was replaced by the Roman alphabet

Revolutionary Period

● The language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog
● The social, cultural, and economic conditions of the Philippines were published in La Solidaridad

American Colonial Period

● English, Spanish, and Tagalog became the mediums used in literature during this period of time
● Fairy Tales, odes, short stories, and theaters were introduced by the Americans

Japanese Occupation

● The first Filipino magazine “Liwayway” was published
● Genova Edroza-Matute: Hiyas ng Panitikang Tagalog (literally means "The Jewel of Philippine Literature")

José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

○ The author of ‘El Filibusterismo’ and ‘Noli Me Tangere’ talk about how the Spaniards took advantage of Filipinos

Jose Dalisay Jr

○ Famous for his pen name: Butch Dalisay
○ Was imprisoned during the Martial Law, brought to life by his novel “Killing Time in a Warm Place"

Nick Joaquin

○ Writer of ‘The Woman With Two Navels’ talks about the influence of the past on the time-encompassing events in the Philippines after WWII.

Francisco Sionil José

○ His novels are more on provincial life, the revolution against Spain, framework of the Filipino family

Merlinda Bobis

○ Her works often talk about the lesser-known aspects of Filipino life, often from a strong feminist stance