Review of Arab-Israeli Conflict, Soviet Union Collapse, and Ethiopian history

Flashcards about the Arab-Israeli Conflict, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and Ethiopia's international relations and internal reforms after its liberation in 1941.

Britain's promise regarding Palestine in 1915

In 1915, Britain promised Palestine to the Arabs to secure support against the Ottoman Turkish administration in the region.

Zionism

A Jewish nationalist movement with the goal of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine, founded by Theodor Herzl as a reaction against anti-Semitism in Europe

First Arab-Israeli War of 1948

Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Trans-Jordan declared war on Israel on May 1948 after the partition of Palestine, but the Jewish forces successfully repulsed them.

Cause of the Second Arab-Israeli War of 1956 (Suez Canal Crisis)

The nationalization of the Suez Canal on July 1956 by Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt.

Key events and outcomes of the Third Arab-Israeli War of June 1967 (Six-Day War)

Israel attacked Egyptian airbases and destroyed most of their airforce while it was still on the ground and occupied the Golan Heights, Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Sinai desert.

Fourth Arab-Israeli War of October 6, 1973 (Yom Kippur War)

The war was launched on the Jewish religious day and the US supported Israel, while the Soviet Union supported Egypt, resulting in the defeat of Arab forces and the continuation of the PLO.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Became the leader of the communist party in 1985 and introduced glasnost and perestroika.

Glasnost

A call for greater transparency in the Soviet government, allowing more freedom of speech and freedom of the press.

Perestroika

Restructuring or reorganizing the USSR, aimed at allowing private ownership of some businesses and focused on a hybrid communist-capitalist system.

Central and Eastern European countries that became Soviet satellites after WWII

Poland, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Eastern Germany.

Fifteen sovereign states that emerged from the collapse of the USSR in 1991

Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Belorussia, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia.

Ethiopia Post-Liberation

On May 5, 1941, Haile Selassie re-entered Addis Ababa, but until January 31, 1942, the British remained in control of Ethiopian internal and external affairs.

OETA

The British set up the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration over Ogaden and Eritrea.

First British-Ethiopian agreement signed on January 31, 1942

Recognized Ethiopia as an independent state but restricted the country’s sovereignty in many ways, such as British advisors being assigned to each government ministry office.

Second Anglo-Ethiopian treaty signed in December 1944

Promised to restore Ogaden to Ethiopia, allowed Ethiopia to use the Djibouti-Addis Ababa railway, and agreed to train the Ethiopian army by setting up the British Military Mission to Ethiopia (BMME).

Different political parties that emerged to address the question of Eritrea

The Unionist Party, the Independence bloc, and the Pro-Italian party

The Unionist Party

Composed of the Orthodox Christian and the Tigrigna-speaking population and demanded the unification of Eritrea with Ethiopia.

The Independence bloc

A collection of different groups that were united by their opposition to the union and included the Muslim League and the Liberal progressive party which campaigned for the independence of Eritrea with Tigray.

Pro-Italian party

Intended to bring Italian settlers, Eritreans who served in the colonial army (ex-askaris), and the people of mixed races.

Areas of focus in the Point Four agreement between Ethiopia and America signed on May 15, 1952

Agriculture, locust management, agricultural and public health education, and public administration training.

Result of the 1953 agreement of Ethiopia and America

The USA promised to provide Military Assistance to Ethiopia (MAAG).

Reasons Ethio-American relations began to decline from the 1960s and 1970s

Advances in satellite communications significantly diminished the importance of the Kagnew station, and growing opposition against American Imperialism.

Administrative reforms in the post-liberation period under Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie divided the country’s administration into Twelve Taqlay gezats and appointed Endarase and established a centralized state

Factors that led Haile Selassie to introduce the 1955 revised constitution

To provide a formal basis for his efforts at centralization and to attract the loyalty of educated Ethiopians and to Federate Eritrea or the Federation of Eritrea

Agriculture in Ethiopia

Is the dominant human activity and the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, with coffee and oilseed forming the bulk of the country's export.