Review of Arab-Israeli Conflict, Soviet Union Collapse, and Ethiopian history

1915: Britain promised Palestine to the Arabs to secure support against the Ottoman Turkish administration.
Zionism: Jewish nationalist movement for a homeland in Palestine, emerging as a reaction against anti-Semitism in Europe. Founded by Theodor Herzl.
1920s and 1930s: Growing Jewish immigration to Palestine.
Increased demand for a Jewish state after the Holocaust, during which 6 million Jews were killed by Nazi Germany during WWII.
United Nations Organization (UNO): Proposed the partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states. Jerusalem was to be internationalized.
The Arabs rejected the partition plan, leading to the First Arab-Israeli War.

Also known as the Suez Canal Crisis.
Cause: Nationalization of the Suez Canal on July 1956 by Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt.
Britain and France supported Israel.
The Soviet Union, the USA, and the UN forced Israel, Britain, and France to stop the war.

Also known as the Six-Day War, between Israel, Egypt, Syria, and Jordan.
June 5, 1967: Israeli air force attacked Egyptian airbases, destroying most of their air force on the ground.
Israel occupied the Golan Heights, Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Sinai Desert during this war.

Known as the Yom Kippur War because it was launched on the Jewish religious day considered the holiest day in the Jewish calendar.
The US supported Israel, and the Soviet Union supported Egypt.
The Arab forces were defeated, and the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) continued its activities.

Refers to restructuring or reorganizing the USSR.
Aimed at allowing private ownership of some businesses.
Gorbachev’s plan for economic restructuring focused on a hybrid communist-capitalist system.

After WWII, Central and Eastern European countries (Poland, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Eastern Germany) became Soviet satellites.
1989: Nationalist movements began in Poland and spread to Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Romania, leading to regime changes.
All overthrew their communist regimes peacefully, except in Romania, where the revolution was violent.
1991: Fifteen sovereign states emerged from the collapse of the USSR:
- Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Belorussia, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia.

May 5, 1941: Haile Selassie I re-entered Addis Ababa.
Until January 31, 1942, the British remained in control of Ethiopian internal and external affairs.
British controlled the police force, the army, and finances.
The British set up the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (OETA) over Ogaden and Eritrea.

Signed in December 1944.
In this treaty, the British promised to restore Ogaden to Ethiopia.
British also allowed Ethiopia to use the Djibouti-Addis Ababa railway.
British agreed to train the Ethiopian army.
Accordingly, British set up a mission⁵ called the British Military Mission to Ethiopia (BMME).
Ogaden remained under British control until 1954, and Eritrea from 1941-1952.

The Unionist Party
- Composed of the Orthodox Christian and the Tigrigna speaking population.
- Demanded the unification of Eritrea with Ethiopia.
The Independence bloc
- A collection of different groups that were united by their opposition to the union.
  - The Muslim League
  - The Liberal progressive party which campaigned for the independence of Eritrea with Tigray.
- British demanded to create a united Tigrigna speaking highlands and uniting the lowland Eritrea with Sudan
Pro-Italian party
- Intended to bring Italian settlers, Eritreans who served in the colonial army (ex-askaris), and the people of mixed races.
- Britain, the USA, Soviet Union, and France passed the issue of Eritrea to the UN in 1948.
- The UN passed a resolution called UN Resolution 390V, adopted on December 2, 1950.

Ethio-American ties began in 1903, when the first American missionaries arrived under the leadership of Robert Skinner.
Their relationship grew stronger and became more active after WWII.

Point Four Agreement between Ethiopia and America

Signed on May 15, 1952.
The points included:
- Locust management.
- Agricultural and public health education.
- Public administration training.
- Scholarships for Ethiopian students.

The 1953 agreement of Ethiopia and America

Was the result of the young free Officer’s revolt in 1952.
In this year Egypt adopted a pro-communist, anti-Israel administration.
The movement was headed by Colonel Gamal Abdel Nassir.
As a result, the US began looking for a new partner in the Middle East.
This treaty enabled the USA to operate the Kagnew station, a communication facility in Asmera that had previously been used by the Italians as Radio Marina.
In return, the USA promised to provide Military Assistance to Ethiopia and known as; Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG).
Her influence was strong in military organization and training, communication, and education.
From the 1960s and 1970s, Ethio-American relations began to decline due to the following reasons:
- Advances in satellite communication significantly diminished the importance of the Kagnew station in which the Ethio-American alliance had been founded.
- Growing opposition, especially among students, against American Imperialism.

In the post-liberation period, Haile Selassie divided the country’s administration into Twelve Taqlay gezats and appointed Endarase (on my behalf).
He also established a centralized state.

Haile Selassie introduced it because:
- To provide a formal basis for his efforts at centralization and to attract the loyalty of educated Ethiopians.
- To Federate Eritrea or the Federation of Eritrea
The constitution strengthened the absolute power of the Emperor

Agriculture is the dominant human activity and the backbone of the Ethiopian economy.
Coffee and oilseed, formed the bulk of the country's export.