Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

The development and progression of a disease.

Apoptosis vs. Necrosis

Apoptosis is programmed cell death, while necrosis is unplanned, damaging cell death due to injury.

Neoplasm

An abnormal growth of tissue, commonly referred to as a tumor.

Oncogenes

Genes that promote cell division and, when mutated, can lead to cancer.

Etiology

The cause or origin of a disease.

Three layers of skin

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.

ABCDE rule for melanoma detection

Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Evolving size/shape.

Psoriasis

A chronic autoimmune condition causing red, scaly skin plaques.

Four types of bones

Long, short, flat, irregular.

Rheumatoid arthritis vs. Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition causing joint inflammation, while osteoarthritis results from cartilage wear and tear.

Osteoporosis

A condition of weakened bones due to decreased bone density. Risk factors include aging, low calcium intake, and sedentary lifestyle.

Main components of the circulatory system

Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood.

Myocardial infarction

A heart attack caused by blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle.

Main function of the lymphatic system

To transport lymph, fight infections, and remove toxins and waste.

Function of alveoli

Gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs.

Causes of COPD

Chronic exposure to irritants, primarily smoking, leading to airway inflammation and reduced airflow.

Symptoms of asthma

Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.

Primary functions of the liver

Detoxification, bile production, and metabolism regulation.

GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus causing irritation.

Role of the pancreas in digestion

It produces digestive enzymes and regulates blood sugar through insulin.

Gland regulating metabolism

The thyroid gland.

Type 1 vs. Type 2 diabetes

Type 1: Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells. Type 2: Insulin resistance leading to high blood sugar.

Hormone produced by the adrenal gland during stress

Cortisol.

Parts of the central nervous system

Brain and spinal cord.

Neurotransmitter deficient in Parkinson’s disease

Dopamine.

Causes of glaucoma

Increased intraocular pressure leading to optic nerve damage.

PCOS

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, a hormonal imbalance causing irregular periods and infertility.

Function of the prostate gland

To produce fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.

Primary function of the kidneys

To filter waste from the blood and produce urine.

Causes of kidney stones

Crystallization of minerals in the urinary tract, often due to dehydration or diet.

Causes of depression

Imbalance of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine.

PTSD

Post-traumatic stress disorder, caused by exposure to traumatic events.