Pathophysiology
Flashcards: Disease Terminology and General Processes
Q: What is pathogenesis?
A: The development and progression of a disease.
Q: What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
A: Apoptosis is programmed cell death, while necrosis is unplanned, damaging cell death due to injury.
Q: What is a neoplasm?
A: An abnormal growth of tissue, commonly referred to as a tumor.
Q: What are oncogenes?
A: Genes that promote cell division and, when mutated, can lead to cancer.
Q: Define etiology.
A: The cause or origin of a disease.
Flashcards: Integumentary System
Q: What are the three layers of skin?
A: Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.
Q: What is the ABCDE rule for melanoma detection?
A:
A: Asymmetry
B: Border irregularity
C: Color variation
D: Diameter >6mm
E: Evolving size/shape.
Q: What is psoriasis?
A: A chronic autoimmune condition causing red, scaly skin plaques.
Flashcards: Musculoskeletal System
Q: What are the four types of bones?
A: Long, short, flat, irregular.
Q: Differentiate between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
A: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition causing joint inflammation, while osteoarthritis results from cartilage wear and tear.
Q: What is osteoporosis, and what are its risk factors?
A: A condition of weakened bones due to decreased bone density. Risk factors include aging, low calcium intake, and sedentary lifestyle.
Flashcards: Circulatory & Lymphatic Systems
Q: What are the main components of the circulatory system?
A: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood.
Q: What is myocardial infarction?
A: A heart attack caused by blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle.
Q: What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
A: To transport lymph, fight infections, and remove toxins and waste.
Flashcards: Respiratory System
Q: What is the function of alveoli?
A: Gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs.
Q: What causes COPD?
A: Chronic exposure to irritants, primarily smoking, leading to airway inflammation and reduced airflow.
Q: What are the symptoms of asthma?
A: Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.
Flashcards: Digestive System
Q: What are the primary functions of the liver?
A: Detoxification, bile production, and metabolism regulation.
Q: What is GERD?
A: Gastroesophageal reflux disease, where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus causing irritation.
Q: What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?
A: It produces digestive enzymes and regulates blood sugar through insulin.
Flashcards: Endocrine System
Q: What gland regulates metabolism?
A: The thyroid gland.
Q: Differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
A:
Type 1: Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells.
Type 2: Insulin resistance leading to high blood sugar.
Q: What hormone does the adrenal gland produce during stress?
A: Cortisol.
Flashcards: Nervous System & Senses
Q: What are the parts of the central nervous system?
A: Brain and spinal cord.
Q: What neurotransmitter is deficient in Parkinson’s disease?
A: Dopamine.
Q: What causes glaucoma?
A: Increased intraocular pressure leading to optic nerve damage.
Flashcards: Reproductive System
Q: What is PCOS?
A: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, a hormonal imbalance causing irregular periods and infertility.
Q: What is the function of the prostate gland?
A: To produce fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.
Flashcards: Urinary System
Q: What is the primary function of the kidneys?
A: To filter waste from the blood and produce urine.
Q: What causes kidney stones?
A: Crystallization of minerals in the urinary tract, often due to dehydration or diet.
Flashcards: Mental Disorders
Q: What causes depression?
A: Imbalance of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine.
Q: What is PTSD?
A: Post-traumatic stress disorder, caused by exposure to traumatic events.