Historical Development of Cardipulmonary Bypass

What was the world’s first heart hospital?

University of Minnesota in 1951

What did John Lewis do in 1952?

Successfully closed a secundum ASD using inflow stasis and moderate hypothermia

What were the mortality rates of Lewis in 1955?

12% mortality with 33 ASD closed

What is cross circulation?

The arterial and venous circulations of mother and child were connected by tubing in series. The mothers heart and lungs maintained the circulatory and respiratory functions of both while they operated on the child’s heart

Where did the concept of a CPB machine arise?

From the technique of cross circulation

Who is credited with developing the first mechanical CPB system?

John Gibbon 1953

What was the name of the patient to undergo the first ASD closure on CPB?

Cecelia Bavolek

Who coined the term cardiopulmonary bypass?

Cooley

What is the azygos vein?

A blood vessel that carries a small amount of deoxygenated blood from the body to the right side of the heart.

It acts as an alternative path for blood flow when the superior and inferior vena cavae are blocked

What is the sigmamotor pump?

Used to precisely control balance of the volume of blood flowing into and out of the donor and the patient during controlled cross circulation

What is the evolution of oxygenators?

1. Mayo clinic - Gibbon oxygenator

2. De Wall and Lillehei - Bubble oxygenator

3. Kay cross - Rotating disc film oxygenator

4. Kolff and Berk - membrane oxygenator

What doctors performed cross circulation?

Dr. Walton Lillehei

What is the point of priming oxygenators with non-blood solutions?

Reducing viscosity and safety by reducing foreign blood

What is the progress in pump design?

1. Sigmamotor pump

2. Roller pump

3. Centrifugal pump

What did Charles-edouards Brown-Sequard discover?

The success of perfusion of blood depends on the use of oxygenated blood and observed that rigor mortis of guillotined criminals disappear temporarily when they are perfused with their own blood

What is the bubbling method?

When bubbles of gas is passed through blood the bubbles are surrounded by a thin layer of blood that absorb oxygen, give off CO2 and then burst and leave the blood free of gas

Who discovered the bubbling method?

Waldemar Von Schroder

What was the issue with the bubbling method?

Foaming of blood and gas embolism

Who discovered the filming method?

Max von Frey and Max Gruber

What is the filming method?

A thing film of blood is exposed to oxygen that provides gas exchange

What did Patterson and starling discover?

Oxygenated the blood with animals own lung

What did Charles Linbergh do?

Gave details of the heart pump and was appointed to work in Carrel’s institute

How long did it take John Gibbon to make CPB a reality?

23 years