Biology; Biochemistry (Macromolecules)

Atom

Smallest unit of matter

What is the Atom composed of?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

Element

Simplest form of a substance

An element cannot be…

broken down any further without changing its composition

Compound

A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more laments in definite proportions

Examples of Compounds

Water, Salt, Glucose, and Carbon Dioxide

What is the Cell?

A complete chemical factory

What does the Cell contain?

Some of the same elements found in the non living environment

What elements are present in compounds in the greatest percentage?

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N)

What elements are sometimes found in compounds in the greatest percentage?

Sulphur (S) and Phosphorus (P)

CHOTOH

These are the chemical symbols and numbers that compose a compound

Structural Formula

Line drawings of the compound that shows the elements in proportion and how they are bonded

Molecular Formula

The actual formula for a compound

What do living things use Carbohydrates for?

As a key source of Energy

What do plants use Carbohydrates for?

Structure (Cellulose)

What are the two types of Carbohydrates?

Simple sugars and Complex Carbohydrates

What do all Carbohydrates contain?

Elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

What ratio is Hydrogen in with Oxygen?

2:1

Simple Sugars

Monosaccharides

What is the formula for Monosaccarides?

C6H12

What structure do all Monosaccharides have?

Single ring

Example of Monosaccharides

Glucose

Complex Carbohydrates

Disaccharides

What is the formula for Disaccharides?

C12H22O11

What are examples of Disaccharides?

Sucrose (Table Sugar) and Maltose

How are Disaccharides formed?

Union of three or more simple sugar units

Glycogen

Animal starch stored in liver and muscles

Cellulose

Indigestible in humans

What does Cellulose form?

Starches

What process forms Complex Carbohydrates?

Dehydration Synthesis

What is Dehydration Synthesis?

The combining of simple molecules to form a more complex one with the removal of WATER

Example of Dehydration Synthesis

Monosaccharide (C6H12O6) + Monosaccharide (Cell 2) —> Disaccharide (C12H22O11) + Water (H2O)

How are Polysaccharides formed?

Repeated dehydration syntheses of water

What are Polysaccharides?

Stored extra sugars (Starch)

What is the process of breaking down Complex Carbohydrates?

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis

The addition of water to a compound to split it into smaller subunits

What is another term for Hydrolysis?

Chemical Digestion

Example of Hydrolysis

Disaccharide + H20 —> Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide

Lipids are…

Fats, Oils, Waxes, and Steroids

Where do Lipids chiefly function in?

Energy Storage, Protection, and Insulation

What do Lipids contain?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

What ratio do Lipids hold H and O?

Not a 2:1 Ratio

Lipids tend to be…

large molecules.

Neural Lipids

Formed from the Union of 1 Glycerol Molecule and 3 Fatty Acid

Where are Fats found?

Animals

Where are Oils and Waxes chiefly found?

Plants

What are Lipids at Room temperature?

Oils

What are solids at room temperature?

Waxes

What are key components of the Cdll Membrane?

Lipids and Proteins

What are Steroids?

Special Lipids that are used to build reproductive hormones and cholesterol

What do Proteins contain!

Elements of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

What are Proteins composed of?

Many amino acid subunits

What forms the primary structure of Proteins?

The arrangement of the amino acid

The basic amino acid format:

Carboxy Acid group on one end, Methyl Group that has one hydrogen in the middle, and Amino Group on the other end

What are Proteins attached to?

An R Group

R Group

Any group of atoms

What do R Groups do to Proteins?

Change the properties

Major Protein Functions:

Growth, Repair, and Energy

Dipeptide

Formed by two amino acid subunits

What is the process that produces Dipeptide?

Dehydration Synthesis

Example of Dehydration Synthesis of Dipeptide:

Amino Acid + Amino Acid —> Dipeptide + Water

Hydrolysis of a Dipeptide

Breaking down into amino acids

What are Polypeptides composed of?

Three of more amino acids linked by synthesis reactions

What are examples of Polypeptides?

Insulin, Hemoglobin, and Enzymes

Where are Nucleic Acids?

In all cells

What are Nucleic Acids composed of?

Nucleotides

What do Nucleic Acids do?

Storing and transmitting heredity (genetic) information

What are the three parts that Nucleotides consist of?

5-carbon sugar, Phosphate group, and Nitrogenous Base

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

What does DNA contain?

Genetic code of intrusions that direct a cell’s behaviour through the synthesis of proteins

Where is DNA found in the cell?

The Nucleus

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid

What does RNA do?

Directs cellular protein synthesis

Where is RNA found?

Ribosomes and Nucleoli