Studied by 35 people
Atom
Smallest unit of matter
What is the Atom composed of?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
Element
Simplest form of a substance
An element cannot be…
broken down any further without changing its composition
Compound
A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more laments in definite proportions
Examples of Compounds
Water, Salt, Glucose, and Carbon Dioxide
What is the Cell?
A complete chemical factory
What does the Cell contain?
Some of the same elements found in the non living environment
What elements are present in compounds in the greatest percentage?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N)
What elements are sometimes found in compounds in the greatest percentage?
Sulphur (S) and Phosphorus (P)
CHOTOH
These are the chemical symbols and numbers that compose a compound
Structural Formula
Line drawings of the compound that shows the elements in proportion and how they are bonded
Molecular Formula
The actual formula for a compound
What do living things use Carbohydrates for?
As a key source of Energy
What do plants use Carbohydrates for?
Structure (Cellulose)
What are the two types of Carbohydrates?
Simple sugars and Complex Carbohydrates
What do all Carbohydrates contain?
Elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
What ratio is Hydrogen in with Oxygen?
2:1
Simple Sugars
Monosaccharides
What is the formula for Monosaccarides?
C6H12
What structure do all Monosaccharides have?
Single ring
Example of Monosaccharides
Glucose
Complex Carbohydrates
Disaccharides
What is the formula for Disaccharides?
C12H22O11
What are examples of Disaccharides?
Sucrose (Table Sugar) and Maltose
How are Disaccharides formed?
Union of three or more simple sugar units
Glycogen
Animal starch stored in liver and muscles
Cellulose
Indigestible in humans
What does Cellulose form?
Starches
What process forms Complex Carbohydrates?
Dehydration Synthesis
What is Dehydration Synthesis?
The combining of simple molecules to form a more complex one with the removal of WATER
Example of Dehydration Synthesis
Monosaccharide (C6H12O6) + Monosaccharide (Cell 2) —> Disaccharide (C12H22O11) + Water (H2O)
How are Polysaccharides formed?
Repeated dehydration syntheses of water
What are Polysaccharides?
Stored extra sugars (Starch)
What is the process of breaking down Complex Carbohydrates?
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
The addition of water to a compound to split it into smaller subunits
What is another term for Hydrolysis?
Chemical Digestion
Example of Hydrolysis
Disaccharide + H20 —> Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide
Lipids are…
Fats, Oils, Waxes, and Steroids
Where do Lipids chiefly function in?
Energy Storage, Protection, and Insulation
What do Lipids contain?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
What ratio do Lipids hold H and O?
Not a 2:1 Ratio
Lipids tend to be…
large molecules.
Neural Lipids
Formed from the Union of 1 Glycerol Molecule and 3 Fatty Acid
Where are Fats found?
Animals
Where are Oils and Waxes chiefly found?
Plants
What are Lipids at Room temperature?
Oils
What are solids at room temperature?
Waxes
What are key components of the Cdll Membrane?
Lipids and Proteins
What are Steroids?
Special Lipids that are used to build reproductive hormones and cholesterol
What do Proteins contain!
Elements of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
What are Proteins composed of?
Many amino acid subunits
What forms the primary structure of Proteins?
The arrangement of the amino acid
The basic amino acid format:
Carboxy Acid group on one end, Methyl Group that has one hydrogen in the middle, and Amino Group on the other end
What are Proteins attached to?
An R Group
R Group
Any group of atoms
What do R Groups do to Proteins?
Change the properties
Major Protein Functions:
Growth, Repair, and Energy
Dipeptide
Formed by two amino acid subunits
What is the process that produces Dipeptide?
Dehydration Synthesis
Example of Dehydration Synthesis of Dipeptide:
Amino Acid + Amino Acid —> Dipeptide + Water
Hydrolysis of a Dipeptide
Breaking down into amino acids
What are Polypeptides composed of?
Three of more amino acids linked by synthesis reactions
What are examples of Polypeptides?
Insulin, Hemoglobin, and Enzymes
Where are Nucleic Acids?
In all cells
What are Nucleic Acids composed of?
Nucleotides
What do Nucleic Acids do?
Storing and transmitting heredity (genetic) information
What are the three parts that Nucleotides consist of?
5-carbon sugar, Phosphate group, and Nitrogenous Base
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What does DNA contain?
Genetic code of intrusions that direct a cell’s behaviour through the synthesis of proteins
Where is DNA found in the cell?
The Nucleus
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
What does RNA do?
Directs cellular protein synthesis
Where is RNA found?
Ribosomes and Nucleoli
Note 
Flashcard (107)