Inter War Period

Roaring Twenties

Period of many changes post-war, such as dance crazes, night clubs, women gaining the right to vote, and art movements

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, and later totalitarian ruler/dictator/head of the Soviet Communists from 1924-1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Stalinism

Stalin's government system was achieved in the name of Communism but was more like totalitarianism; benefited only government and relied on terror tactics, secret police, bogus trials and assassination

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China. Purged around 80 million people

Maoism

The theory and practice of Marxism-Leninism developed in China by Mao Zedong. States that a continuous revolution is necessary if the leaders of a communist state are to keep in touch with the people

May Fourth Movement

A 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence. Resulted in the beginning of a movement towards the creation of liberal democracy in China

Francisco Franco

Fascist general that lead the nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War. Was aided by other fascist leaders such as Hitler and Mussolini, and after he was victorious he establish a dictatorship in Spain

Spanish Civil War

Civil war in Spain from 1936-1939 in which General Francisco Franco and other nationalists succeeded in overthrowing the republican government

Five-Year Plans

Plans introduced by Stalin in 1928 to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly. Very successful

Collectivization

System introduced by Stalin in which private farms are eliminated and peasants/kulaks work on land owned by the government

Kulaks

Rich peasants in the Soviet Union who owned private farms. Targeted by Stalin in the drive for collectivization killing many

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator and is not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition. Ex: Adolf Hitler in Germany, and Joseph Stalin in the USSR.

Fascism

A far right political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition. Fascist leaders include Hitler, though especially Mussolini.

Treaty of Versialles

Brought an end to WWI. Led to resentment, economic and political issues, and mass unemployment. With many governments struggle to keep their countries strong, fascist forms of government who promised reform and rose to power, in countries such as Italy and Germany

Economic Challenges

After WWI, many countries dealt with the great depression, hyperinflation, and debt

Political Instability

After WWI many countries dealt with riots, revolutions, civil wars, and frequent changes in government

Great Depression

International crisis in 1929 caused by buying on margin and trying to pay back the banks all at once. Caused mass unemployment and left banking systems collapsed

Cubist Movement

Art movement during the roaring twenties headed by Pablo Picasso. Challenged many conventional ideas such as fascism

Adolf Hitler

Used mass Propaganda/Psychology to keep control in Germany. Believed that the Aryan race should rule and also spread anti-semitism.

Benito Mussolini

Italian leader who founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance. Belived that pacifism was the enemy of fascism

The Long March

The 6,000-mile flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. Shifted the center of the communist party

Francisco Madero

Moderate democratic Mexican reformer. Assassinated in 1913

Alexander Kerensky

Liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution

Yuan Shikai

Warlord in northern China after the fall of the Quing, also served as president of China in 1912

Socialist Realism

Fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism, initiated by Stalin. Used to try to avoid the adoption of Western European cultural forms

Mexican Constitution of 1917

Document that promised land and education reform, limited foreign ownership, and guaranteed rights for workers

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. Possessed by Mao Zedong in China

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Lenin's 1921 policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration

Getulio Vargas

Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo ('New State'), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization

Red Army

Army builty up under Leon Trotsky, secured early communist power in the Russian Revolution

Chiang Kai-shek

Leader of Guomindang from 1925-1949, contesting with communists for control of China

Gestapo

Hitlers secret police force

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Mein Kampf

'My Struggle' writted by Hitler in prison, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology

The Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation