Primatology

Binomial nomenclature

Method of identifying organisms utilizing a two-part naming system

Phylogeny

Evolutionary relatedness of organisms (family tree)

Analogy

traits shared by related members because of an environmental adaptation

Homology

Traits shared between organisms because of a common ancestor

Ancestral

Traits that link all members of a taxon together 

Derived

Traits that are modified from ancestral

Anthropoids

Monkeys, apes/humans

Prosimians

Lemurs, lorises, tarsiers

Platyrrhini

New World Monkeys (NWM)

Catarrhini

OWM, apes/humans

Cercopithecoidea

Old World Monkey

Hominoidea

Apes

Prosimian traits

Tooth comb, Sharp and triangular cusps, grooming claw, VCL locomotion

NWM traits

Dental formula (2.1.3.3), 3 premolars, arboreal quadrupedalism, prehensile tail

OWM traits

Dental formula (2.1.2.3), terrestrial quadrupedalism, sactorial premolar (slanted)

Ape traits

Bunodant cusp shape, brachiation locomotion, sectorial premolar straight

Primate traits

5 digit hands, dental formula 2 incisors,

Tooth Morphology/Diet

Bilophodont Molars (sectorial premolar, Folivore, OWM (2.1.2.3)

Tooth Morphology/Diet

Bunodont molars, low/round cusps, frugivore, ape

Tooth Morphology/Diet

sharp/triangular cusps, insectivore, prosimian

Tooth Morphology/Diet

Bilophodont molars, folivore, NWM (2.1.3.3)

Primate locomotion

arms longer than legs, knuckle walking, ape (Bunodant cusp shape, brachiation locomotion, sectorial premolar straight) 

Primate locomotion

legs longer than arms, arboreal quadrupedalism, monkey, dental formula 2.1.3.3=NWM

Primate locomotion

arms longer than legs, brachiation, ape, long fingers 

Primate locomotion

legs longer than arms, VCL(frog), prosimian, tooth comb

Primate locomotion

legs longer than arms (roughly equal), terrestrial quadrupedalism, OWM (2.1.2.3), slanted tooth

Primate social structure (1 female, multi-male)

Polyandry, NWM

Primate social structure

Solitary(one night stand), prosimian

Primate social structure (1 male/multi-female)

1 male/multi-female Polygynous, apes (silverback gorilla)

Primate social structure

Monogomous (gibbons/siamang)

Primate social structure

multi-male/multi-female Polygyny, OWM