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Spermatazoa
diploid germ cells
Spermatagonia
mature haploid gametes
Spermiogenesis
final stage of spermatogenesis, haploid spermatids mature into motile spermatozoa, no division
Sperm
head- nuclease + acrosome
midpiece- mitochondria
tail-microtubule
Oogonia
produced during fetal development
Primary oocytes
begin meioisis but arrested in prophase 1 until puberty
Secondary Oocyte
arrested in metaphase 2 released during ovulation
implantation
if it occurs the placenta produced human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG)
Corona Radiata
outermost layer of egg
Zona Pellucida (vitelline layer)
glycoproteins, secondary layer of egg
Capacitation
occurs to sperm when in uterus, increase calcium permeability, hyperactive flagella
Acrosomal reaction
actin from sperm binds to ZP3 protein in zona pellucida (mutual recognition)
Hydrolytic Acrosomal enzymes (hydrolases)
released from sperm head after acrosomal reaction, digest zona pellucida and enter plasma membrane
Fast Block
sodium ions depolarize egg membrane
Slow block
calcium ions stimulate cortical reaction
Cortical Reaction
exocytosis of cortical granules make vitelline layer impenetrable and separate from membrane, part of slow block
Holoblastic Cleavage
evenly throughout blastomere, little or no yolk
Meroblastic Cleavage
partial cleavage, not evenly divided blastomere, polarity for animal pole and vegetal pole
Stages of Embryo Development
Zygote- Cleavage- Morula- Blastula- Gastrula
Morula
16-32 cells
Blastula
128 cell stage with blastocoel, hollow with fluid
Archenteron
blastopore to gut tube
Ectoderm
CND, Sensory parts, Skin, Pigments, Teeth, Adrenal Medulla
Mesoderm
Bone/skeleton, cardiovascular system, gonads, spleen, notochord
Endoderm
epithelial linings, PLTT(pancreas, liver, thyroid, thymus)
Totipotent
become any cells (zygote, blastomere, morula)
Pluripotent
become any of the three layer
Mulitpotent
differentiate into cells within their specific tissue cells
Determination
commited to specific state, selective gene expression
Differentiation
specialized phenotype
Neurolation
neural plate of ectoderm tissue folds into tube over notochord from mesoderm tissues
Amnion
water cushion, fluid
Chorion
placenta or membrane for gas exchangeA
Allantois
waste ex: umbilical chord
Oviparity
eggs hatch outside mothers body
Viviparity
offspring develops in mothers bodyO
Ovoviviparity
offspring develops eggs that hatch within body
Pattern1
males in cold, females in warm
Pattern 2
females in low and high temps, males in intermediate