Reproduction and Developmental Bio DAT Ch 11

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39 Terms

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Spermatazoa

diploid germ cells 

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Spermatagonia

mature haploid gametes

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Spermiogenesis

final stage of spermatogenesis, haploid spermatids mature into motile spermatozoa, no division

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Sperm

head- nuclease + acrosome

midpiece- mitochondria

tail-microtubule

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Oogonia

produced during fetal development

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Primary oocytes

begin meioisis but arrested in prophase 1 until puberty

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Secondary Oocyte

arrested in metaphase 2 released during ovulation

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implantation

if it occurs the placenta produced human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG)

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Corona Radiata

outermost layer of egg

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Zona Pellucida (vitelline layer)

glycoproteins, secondary layer of egg

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Capacitation

occurs to sperm when in uterus, increase calcium permeability, hyperactive flagella

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Acrosomal reaction

actin from sperm binds to ZP3 protein in zona pellucida (mutual recognition)

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Hydrolytic Acrosomal enzymes (hydrolases)

released from sperm head after acrosomal reaction, digest zona pellucida and enter plasma membrane

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Fast Block

sodium ions depolarize egg membrane

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Slow block

calcium ions stimulate cortical reaction

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Cortical Reaction

exocytosis of cortical granules make vitelline layer impenetrable and separate from membrane, part of slow block

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Holoblastic Cleavage

evenly throughout blastomere, little or no yolk

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Meroblastic Cleavage

partial cleavage, not evenly divided blastomere, polarity for animal pole and vegetal pole

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Stages of Embryo Development

Zygote- Cleavage- Morula- Blastula- Gastrula 

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Morula

16-32 cells

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Blastula

128 cell stage with blastocoel, hollow with fluid

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Archenteron

blastopore to gut tube

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Ectoderm

CND, Sensory parts, Skin, Pigments, Teeth, Adrenal Medulla

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Mesoderm

Bone/skeleton, cardiovascular system, gonads, spleen, notochord

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Endoderm

epithelial linings, PLTT(pancreas, liver, thyroid, thymus)

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Totipotent

become any cells (zygote, blastomere, morula)

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Pluripotent

become any of the three layer

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Mulitpotent

differentiate into cells within their specific tissue cells

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Determination

commited to specific state, selective gene expression

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Differentiation

specialized phenotype

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Neurolation

neural plate of ectoderm tissue folds into tube over notochord from mesoderm tissues

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Amnion

water cushion, fluid

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Chorion

placenta or membrane for gas exchangeA

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Allantois

waste ex: umbilical chord

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Oviparity

eggs hatch outside mothers body

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Viviparity

offspring develops in mothers bodyO

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Ovoviviparity

offspring develops eggs that hatch within body

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Pattern1

males in cold, females in warm

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Pattern 2

females in low and high temps, males in intermediate