Exam 3, PSYCH 111, UMICH,Shelly Schreier

attachment deprivation - Harlow Monkey Studies

- reared monkeys in isolation or with a surrogate mother

- after 6 months sent back to colony

- isolated monkeys showed indifference, were terrified or were aggressive with other monkeys, failed to form relationships with opposite sex, were abusive to their offspring

Attachment and Contact Comfort

hypothesized that animals/humans need warmth, comfort as a primary need

DevelopmentalTheories as Stage Theories

- individuals must progress through stages in a particular order, stages build on each other

- progress is strongly related to age

- development is marked by discontinuities that result in dramatic transitions

Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development

Studied how child thinks, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving

What are Schemas?

models about how the world works

What two development processes did Jean Piaget talk about?

Assimilation - how to fit new info into the present system of knowledge

Accommodation - existing structure don't fit so a child must develop new schemas

What are Piaget's stages of Cognitive Development?

1. Sensorimotor (birth-2 years)

2. Preoperational (2-7 years)

3. Concrete Operations (7-11 years)

4.Formal Operations (12-up)

Explain Piaget's Sensorimotor stage of Cognitive Development

- birth-2 years

- infants learn through concrete motor actions; by touching, tasting, and smelling

- Accomplish object permanence (6 months)

- Develop capacity for mental imagery

- Organize information into categories

- Increasingly able to use purposeful activity

Explain Piaget's Preoperational stage of development?

- 2-7 years

- Gradually improve in mental images

- Can pretend

- Action Oriented

- Develop representational thought

- Have NOT mastered conservation: basic properties of an object remain stable even if superficial properties change

What are the flaws of thinking in Preoperational Children?

- Centration: focus on one aspect of a problem and neglect other aspects

- Irreversibility: inability to envision reversing an action

- Egocentrism: thinking characterized by a limited ability to share another person's point of view

Explain Piaget's stage of Concrete Operations?

- 7-11 years

- the child performs operations on tangible objects and events

- show increased flexibility in thinking

- Can begin to see cause and effect

- Masters reversibility and decentration

- Can retrace thoughts

- More successful with hierarchical constructs

Explain Paiget's Formal Operations

- 12 years and up

- begin to see abstract reasoning

- understand metaphor and deductive reasoning

- become more systematic in thinking

- can discuss moral values

What is Piaget criticized for in his studies?

Criticized for underestimating children's abilities, not focusing enough on individual differences; much research still supports his feelings and beliefs

Adolescent growth spurt

rapid growth in height and weight as the body is preparing for hormonal shifts/maturation

Asynchrony

certain body parts grow at different speeds leading to a lack of proportion

Prefrontal Cortex

final maturation of the prefrontal cortex takes place in late adolescence and young adulthood.

This area is responsible for organization, planning, emotional regulation and impulse control

Puberty

sexual functions reach maturity; impacts social and emotional development

Menarche

first occurrence of menstruation

Spermarche

first occurrence of ejaculation

How do early maturing males feel about themselves?

they have positive self-concepts

How do early maturing females feel about themselves?

There is a greater chance of depression, anxiety, and eating disorders

What is the impact of early puberty usually?

associated with obesity, higher BMI

What did Elkind say about Adolescent Egocentrism?

Way of thinking the world is focused on themselves

What did Elkind describe as Imaginary Audience?

the belief that everyone in the environment is concerned with the behavior/ appearance of him/herself

What did Elkind describe as a Personal Fable?

View him/herself as somehow unique or heroic

What did Elkind describe as Invincibility Fable?

false sense that he/she can't be harmed

Elkind with "Storm and stress"

Storm and Stress: more modulated (not as intense) as not as frequent as once thought

TRUE OR FALSE:

Adolescents are more similar to their parents for issues related to finances, education and career, religion and politics

TRUE

Elkind and Peer Relationships

Provide a source of social support, a framework for negotiating conflict and compromise, allow for social comparison, define code/culture

What did Erik Erikson (really thats his name?) say about the Theory of Lifespan Development?

Believes each stage involves a psychosocial crisis: a transition which is organized around social relationships and that personality is determined by these stages

Erikson's Lifespan Development

Lifespan Issues in Development

- Our country is getting OLDER

- Living more productive lives for more years

- More career shifts seen in the population

Intellectual Functioning and Age:

Fluid Intelligence: (basic information processing skills) is more likely to decline with age

Crystallized Intelligence: application of accumulated knowledge remains more stable

Langer and Rodin Study

Maintaining a sense of control over one's life leads to greater psychological well-being in the elderly

What are the ways to promote healthy aging?

- increase healthy behaviors

- promote companionship

- take vitamin supplements

- stay active physically and intellectually

- volunteer or work

- maintain positive relationships with family/friends

- have a positive attitude

- decrease sun exposure

- decrease smoking, drinking

- be a health care consumer; ask questions

- explore medication interactions

- find faith

Developmental Psychology

Universal aspects of lifespan development from conception through death; identifies cultural variations

- explores physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development

- Looks at elements of continuity and change over time

Germinal phase of Prenatal Development

- conception to 2 weeks

- Zygote: fertilized egg; divides and implants itself in the wall of the uterus

- Placenta: structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into fetus from mother's bloodstream; allows waste to pass out

Embryonic Stage of Prenatal Development

- head, face, and neck develop

- buds for limbs form and grow

- Major organs/digestive system differentiating

- heartbeat begins

3rd month of Fetal stage of prenatal development

- digestive organs to begin function

- buds for teeth form

- sex organs develop rapidly

- arms/fingers move

4th month of fetal stage of prenatal development

- face looks human

- lower body outgrows head

- bones are defined

5th month of fetal stage of prenatal development

- fingernails and toenails appear

- Lanugo: fine, woodly hair over body

- vernix: waxy coating collects

6th month of fetal stage

- eyebrows/lashes well defined

- eyes completely formed

7th month of fetal stage

- fetus capable of life outside uterus, age of viability has changed and now considered to be 24 (used to be 27-28)

8th/9th month of fetal stage

- fat is deposited for later use

- fingernails beyond fingertips

- lanugo is shed

- myelination of brain takes place in the fetal stage

- chief organs increase functioning

- vernix covers body

Physical and Motor Development

- Cephalocaudal:"top to bottom" motor skills emerge from the head to feet

- Proximodistal: "inside-to-outside rule" motor skills emerge in a sequence of center moving outward

Teratogens

harmful toxins that affect development resulting in defect, damage or anomaly

Important concepts with teratogens

- dose

- genetics/heredity: stability

- interaction with environmental influences: stress, nutrition, lack of medical care

- Age of organism at exposure

Drugs or chemicals

increased understanding of the role of prenatal exposure to drugs on the developing child: Thalidomide: helped identify how certain drugs could alter development

Stress impact on prenatal development

prolonged stress linked with prematurity and low birth weight

Smoking on prenatal development

mild stimulant; increases fetal activity; low birth weight, perceptual and attentional problems, increased SIDS

Marijuana impact on prenatal development

low birthweight, disturbed sleep in newborns, reduced attention to environment

Heroin impact on prenatal development

premature birthweight, tremulous behavior, poor sleep, poor sucking and feeding, risk of SIDS

Cocaine impact prenatal development

"crack babies"

- premature size/weight, tremulous, high pitched crying, respiratory and regurgitation problems, rigidity, withdrawal symptoms, deformities

Comorbidity

abuse of multiple substances likely

Alcohol impact on babies

leading teratogen in the U.S. causing mental retardation

- physical symptoms: growth retardation, head and facial abnormalities, microcephaly, skeletal, brain and heart damage

- Behavioral symptoms: Poor impulse control, poor attention, hyperactivity, and cognitive defects

- Fetal Alcohol Effects: some symptoms of FAS, but less physical symptoms (ARND)

TRUE OR FALSE: paternal age may be a non factor in birth defects and/ or certain developmental disabilities

FALSE - paternal age may be A FACTOR in birth defects

ex. men at the age of 65 having children they have a greater risk of autism

Vision as Reflexes and sensory abilities of newborns/infants

- poor fixation ability

- limited ability to discriminate color

- estimated visual acuity of between 20/200 and 20/400

- preference for human faces

Hearing abilities in newborn/infant

fetus can hear sounds around 6 months in utero

recognized mother's voice

taste and smelling abilities in newborn

both present at birth

preference for sweet stuff

touch abilities of newborn/infants

heat, cold, pressure and pain all present at birth

reflexes of newborns

inborn, automatic responses to a particular form of stimulation

rooting reflex of newborn

survival value, stroke baby's cheek and the baby will turn head toward the stimulation

stepping reflex in newborns

basis for complex motor skills,

with bare feet touching floor, infant will mimic stepping response

THIS DISAPPEARS AROUND 2 MONTHS

Sucking reflex in newborns

place a finger in mouth and baby will suck; permits feeding

eyeblink reflex in newborn

shine a bright light or clap, baby will close eyelids

protects form strong stimulation

Babinski reflex

stroke the heel to see reactions of the toes which flex/fan out; normal in infants, if persists as baby gets older, can indicate neurological problems

Gross and Fine Motor Development

Individual differences exist!!!

normative expectations for these skills and abilities often called MILESTONES

Gross Motor and Fine Motor in Ages 2-3

Gross motor: walk rhythmically, jump, hop, push a riding toy with feet

Fine motor: remove simple clothing items, start to use a spoon

Gross motor and Fine motor in ages 3-4

Gross motor: walks upstairs alternating feet, catches ball by trapping in chest, rides a tricycle

Fine motor: fasten/unfasten large buttons, uses scissors, copies lines, circles, draws tadpole person

Gross motor and Fine motor in ages 4-5

Gross motor: walks downstairs alternating feet, runs smoothly, catches ball with hands, rapid/smooth steering

Fine Motor: uses a fork, cuts with scissors on lines, copies triangles and some letters

Gross motor and Fine motor in ages 5-6

Gross motor: increases running speed, true skipping, ride bicycle

Fine motor: uses knife to cut food, tie shoes, draw 6 part person, copies words and numbers

TRUE OR FALSE:

There are universal elements of gross and fine motor development

TRUE

Gender Differences

boys ahead of girls in force and power

girls ahead in fine motor and gross motor skills which involve good balance

Temperament

relatively constant basic disposition which is inherent in a person that underlies and modulates his/her behavior

What did Thomas and Chess do?

Identified three basic temperaments for infants; difficult, slow to warm and easy

Thomas and Chess's Difficult temperament

10%

often wail, cry, and are negative in new situations, eat and sleep irregularly

Thomas and Chess's Slow-To-Warm-Up temperament

15%

often inactive, adapt slowly and can be withdrawn and show a negative mood

Thomas and Chess's Easy Temperament

40%

Cheerful, adaptable, easily establish routines

Thomas and Chess's mixture temperament

35% have a mixture of the 3 temperaments

Goodness of Fit

the match between the characteristics of the infant and his/her family is critical to development

Some are better matches than others

Kagan found that infants who react fearfully to novel stimuli tend to be more subdued, less social and less positive at what age?

4 years of age

Attachment

the affectional bond between an infant and its caretaker

Who studied attachment in her attachment paradigm that is still being used today?

Ainsworth

What allows researchers to assess attachment relationships?

the "Strange situation"

Separation anxiety

infants express their wish to be attached by wishing to be close to their caretaker and showing signs of distress when their caretaker departs (an emotional upset)

Stranger anxiety

develops when infants are around 6-7 months ending around 18 months

If a stranger approaches, the infant becomes afraid and reaches for the caregiver for comfort and reassurance

What are the 4 types of attachment patterns based on Ainsworth's research?

1. securely attached

2. avoidant attachment

3. ambivalent/resistant attachment

4. Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment

Securely attached

child uses the parent as a safe base to explore, when separated the child may not cry during absence, seek contact when parent returns, decrease crying if present (60% of U.S. infants)

Avoidant attachment

unresponsive to parent when present, no distress when she leaves, react to stranger similar as to parent, slow to greet parent when she returns, 20% show this pattern in the U.S.

Ambivalent/Resistant attachment

seek closeness with their parents, fail to explore, upon return display angry, resistant behavior, cannot be comforted, 15% of U.S.

Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment

greatest amount of insecurity, in reunion show disorganized, confused behaviors

seem confused, glazed and spacey

mothers are more avoidant and inconsistent with lack of sensitivity to infants needs

5% of infants in the U.S.

4 Parenting Styles and Child outcome research by Baumrind

1.authoritarian

2. authoritative

3. permissive

4. uninvolved

authoritarian parenting style

restrictive parenting; insist on obedience, rigid rules; no explanations and insensitivity.

Preschoolers were moody; easily annoyed, unfriendly, less motivated

authoritative parenting style

assume control with flexibility; reasonable demands; provide reasons for rules/decisions

Preschoolers were cheerful, socially responsible, achievement oriented and cooperative

Permissive parenting style

accepting and lax with few demands; little monitoring; few controls

Preschoolers were impulsive, aggressive, bossy, self-centered, low in independence and achievement

Uninvolved (Maccoby) parenting style

removed or hostile parenting; overwhelmed with own stressors, have little time or energy to parent

Children high in aggression, temper tantrums, perform poorly in classroom

Personality

a distinctive pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives, and emotions that are CONSISTENT in an individual over time

Personality Traits

long-term disposition to behave in particular ways in a variety of situations

Cattel's Theory of Personality

Studied traits using factor analysis

Developed the 16 personality factors Questionnaire

Examples: reserved-outgoing; relaxed-tense; trusting-suspicious

McRae and Costa Theory of personality traits

developed the "Big Five" personality traits

believe most personality traits fall under these categories:

CANOE: Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion