Child Development Exam 1

Prenatal period

conception to birth

Infancy and toddlerhood period

birth to 2 years

Early childhood period

2 to 6 years

Middle childhood period

6 to 11 years

3 main discussions in child development theories

1. continuous or discontinuous

2. one course or multiple

3. nature or nurture

Stability

genetics and early experiences establish lifelong impacts

Plasticity

development is open to change in response to influential experiences

John Locke

• child as a blank slate

• continuous

• many courses of development

• nurture

• high plasticity at later ages

Jean-Jacques Rosseau

• Children as noble savages with built in moral sense

• discontinuous

• single course of development

• nature

ID

basic biological needs

Ego

rational part of personality

Superego

conscience, conform to society

Oral

• birth - 1 year

• oral needs from sucking breast or bottle

  • thumb sucking, over eating, smoking

Anal

• 1 -3 years

• potty training

  • extreme orderliness or disorder

Phallic

• 3 - 6 years

• children feel sexual desire for the opposite sex parent

• ego develops

Latency

• 6 - 11 years

• sexual instincts die down

• super ego strengthens

Genital

• adolescence

• puberty, sexual impulses reappear

Trust vs mistrust

birth - 1 year

Autonomy vs shame + doubt

1 - 3 years

Initiative vs guilt

3 - 6 years

Industry vs inferiority

6 - 11 years

Classical conditioning

associate neutral stimuli with variable

Operant conditioning

behavior is affected by reinforcement and punishment

Behaviorism

views directly observable events

Social learning theory

modeling as a powerful source of development

Jean Piagets cognitive developmental theory

biological concept of adaptation

construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore the world

• discontinuous

• one course

• both nature and nurture

Sensorimotor

• birth - 2 years

• movements to explore the world

Preoperational

• 2 - 7 years

  • use symbols, develop language, make believe play, thinking not yet logical

Concrete operational

• 7 - 11 years

• reasoning becomes logical only when dealing with concrete information

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory

microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem

Dynamic systems

• not stages or continuous

• new skills develop and branch out

Genomic imprinting

chemical marking of alleles within ovum or sperm

Poly genetic inheritance

many genes affect the character

affects characteristics that vary on a continuum (ex height)

Socioeconomic status

• years of education (social status)

• prestige of ones job and skill it requires (social status)

• Income (economic status)

Subcultures

groups whose beliefs and customs differ from those of larger culture

Kinship studies

compare the characteristics of family members

Heritability estimates

measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits are due to heredity

limited by likelihood to exaggerate the role of heredity

Gene-enviroment correlation

our genes influence environments to which we are exposed

Passive correlation

parents provide environments to which children respond

Evocative correlation

children evoke responses that are influenced by their heredity, which strengthen the original behavior pattern

Active correlation

children engage in niche-picking, seeking out environments that complement their heredity

Age where having a baby has a higher chance of a chromosomal disorder

35 for women

40 for men

Germinal period

• weeks 1 - 2

• fertilization and implantation

• placenta starts to develop

• 1st trimester

Embryonic period

• 3 - 8 weeks

• groundwork is laid for body structures and internal organs

• 1st- 2nd trimester

Fetal period

• weeks 9 - 38

• growth and finishing phase

• 3rd trimester

blastocyst

fluid filled ball that forms as new cells are added to a zygote

germinal period

trophoblast

cells forming a protective outer layer

• amnion

• chorion

• placenta

• umbilical cord

when does the most rapid prenatal change take place

embryonic period

Ectoderm

becomes nervous system and skin

• forms neural tube

Mesoderm

develops into muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and other internal organs

Endoderm

becomes digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands

when is the age of viability

22-26 weeks, third trimester

when are teratogens the most dangerous

• minimal in germinal

• most in embryonic

• less but can still affect in fetal

preeclampsia

blood pressure increases sharply

CHR

placenta releases corticotropin releasing hormone that stimulates fetal cortisol and uterine contractions

lightening

2 weeks before birth when baby’s head drops low into uterus

Bloody show

release of mucus plug

3 stages of childbirth

1. dilation and effacement of the cervix

2. delivery of the baby

3. delivery of the placenta

APGAR

Color

Pulse

Grimace

Activity

Respiratory effort

7+ = good

Analgesics

drugs to relieve pain

Anesthetics

painkiller that blocks sensation

Epidural analgesia

enables mother to push but weakens uterine contractions

Complications caused by anoxia

cerebral palsy

placenta abruption (separates from uterus prematurely)

placenta previa (placenta covers cervical opening)

respiration distress

Treatment of anoxia

head cooling device

whole body cooling

Eye blink reflex

shine a bight light or clap hands and infant shuts eyes quickly

permanent

Rooting

touch corner of mouth + head turns towards touch

till 3 weeks

Sucking

touch roof of mouth = sucking

until 4 months

Swimming

when face down in water infant paddles

4-6 months

Moro

surprise infant and throws arms out and head back

until 4-6 months

Tonic Neck

babys head turned toward one side and arm on that side is extended and other arm is bent

until 4 months

Babinski reflex

touch foot from bottom to top and toes fan out

until 8-12 months

NREM sleep

full rest, no movement

REM

gentle limb movement irregular breathing

Quiet alertness

body is inactive but eyes open and attentive, even breathing

Visual acuity

infants cannot see clearly

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

evaluates reflexes, state changes, responses to stimuli

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)

used for newborns at risk for developmental problems