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ANZAC
Acronym for the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, representing the combined military forces of Australia and New Zealand during World War I, particularly notable for their heroic landing at Gallipoli on April 25, 1915.
Western Front
The primary battleground of World War I, stretching through Belgium and France, characterized by entrenched positions and fierce fighting, where New Zealand troops engaged in significant battles such as the Somme in 1916 and Passchendaele in 1917.
Trench
Deep, narrow ditches dug by soldiers to provide protection from enemy fire, forming extensive networks that were a hallmark of the World War I landscape.
No Man's Land
The perilous area between opposing trench lines, marked by barbed wire and devastation, where crossing meant facing high risk of death or injury.
Stalemate
A deadlock in warfare where neither side can advance or achieve a decisive victory, common on the Western Front during World War I and leading to prolonged and brutal conflicts.
Attrition
A military strategy focused on weakening the enemy over time through sustained combat, resulting in gradual losses of personnel and resources rather than achieving quick victories.
Over the Top
A command given to soldiers to leave the safety of their trenches and advance across No Man's Land towards the enemy positions, often resulting in severe casualties.
Democracy
A system of government in which power lies in the hands of the populace, typically exercised through elected representatives, allowing citizens to have a voice in governance.
Tsar Nicholas II
The last Emperor of Russia, whose reign ended with the Russian Revolution in 1917, resulting in his overthrow and execution.
Joseph Stalin
Leader of the Soviet Union following the Russian Revolution, known for establishing a totalitarian regime marked by widespread purges and the implementation of Marxist-Leninist principles.
Kate Sheppard
A leader of the suffragist movement in New Zealand, instrumental in achieving women's suffrage in 1893, the first country in the world to allow women the right to vote.
Divine Right of Kings
The doctrine asserting that a monarch's authority is derived directly from God, providing a justification for absolute monarchy and unchallenged rule.
Communism
A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society where all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
Kawanatanga
The Māori term for governance, specifically referring to the authority granted to the British under the Treaty of Waitangi, signifying their rule in New Zealand.
Tino Rangatiratanga
A Māori term denoting self-determination and sovereignty, emphasizing the Māori people's right to govern themselves and control their own affairs.
Mana
A fundamental Māori concept representing authority and spiritual power, often associated with leadership and respect within the community.
Raupatu
The confiscation of Māori land by the British Crown, carried out under various pretexts, leading to significant loss of land and resources for Māori communities.
Push and Pull Factors
Conditions that drive individuals to leave their home country (push) or attract them to a new destination (pull), influencing migration trends globally.
Emigration
The act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another, often influenced by various economic, social, or political factors.
Immigration
The process by which individuals move to a new country with the intention of becoming permanent residents, usually in search of better opportunities.
Chain Migration
A migration pattern where individuals follow family members or friends to a new location, often resulting in clustered communities of similar backgrounds.
Dawn Raids
A series of government actions during the 1970s in New Zealand aimed at deporting Pacific Islanders who had overstayed their visas, leading to significant controversy and public outcry.
Treaty Principles
Core principles outlined in the Treaty of Waitangi, including partnership between Māori and the Crown, protection of Māori rights, and participation in governance.
Utu
A Māori cultural concept relating to reciprocity and balance in relationships, which can involve both reward and retribution.
Weathering
The natural process that breaks down rocks and minerals into smaller particles through environmental factors such as wind, water, and temperature changes.
Deposition
The geological process by which eroded materials are dropped or settled in new locations, contributing to the formation of various landforms such as deltas and beaches.
Magma
The molten rock located beneath the Earth's crust that, upon eruption, becomes lava and contributes to the formation of volcanic rock.
Glacial Erosion
Erosion resulting from the movement of glaciers, which reshape landscapes by carving U-shaped valleys and creating other distinctive geologic features.
Fluvial Erosion
Erosion caused by flowing water, such as rivers, that shapes the landscape and creates formations like V-shaped valleys.
Aeolian Erosion
Erosion caused by wind, which transports and reshapes soil and other small particles, forming features such as sand dunes.
Transportation
The movement of eroded materials, such as soil and rock, facilitated by natural forces like wind, water, or ice.
Hongi Hika
A significant Māori chief known for his military leadership during the early 19th century, playing a vital role in both tribal warfare and interactions with European settlers.
Hone Heke
A Māori leader renowned for his resistance against British colonial rule, particularly recognized for cutting down the flagstaff at Kororareka as a protest against colonization.
William Hobson
The first Governor of New Zealand and one of the key figures in the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, which established British authority in New Zealand.
James Busby
The British Resident in New Zealand who contributed to drafting the Declaration of Independence, striving to protect Māori rights during an era of increasing European settlement.
Queen Victoria
The British monarch at the time of the Treaty of Waitangi's signing, her reign marked significant colonial expansion and governance changes in New Zealand.
Henry Williams
A missionary who played a critical role in translating the Treaty of Waitangi into Māori, aiding its understanding and acceptance among Māori chiefs.
King Potatau
The first Māori King, established to provide unified leadership for Māori in the face of British colonization and to assert their sovereignty.
Governor Grey
A prominent British Governor of New Zealand recognized for his aggressive colonial policies and key involvement in the New Zealand Wars.
Whina Cooper
A respected Māori activist and leader known for her efforts in advocating for Māori land rights and leading the Māori Land March in 1975.
Eva Rickard
A Māori land rights activist whose protests against land confiscations in the late 20th century highlighted the ongoing struggles of Māori communities.
Joe Hawke
A leader associated with the Bastion Point protest, advocating for Māori land rights and raising awareness of ongoing land confiscation issues.
Kingitanga
A movement aimed at uniting Māori tribes under a single leadership structure to resist colonization and assert Māori sovereignty.
Native Land Courts
Judicial bodies established to settle land ownership disputes, often resulting in the alienation of Māori land through legal titles recognized under British law.
Waitangi Tribunal
An independent body established to investigate claims and grievances relating to the Treaty of Waitangi, functioning as a mechanism to address historical injustices.
Pa
A fortified village or settlement used by Māori for defense and community living, often situated in strategic locations.
Missionary
Individuals who travel to foreign lands to promote their religious beliefs and provide community services, often involved in education and social development.
Whenua
The Māori word for land, encompassing its cultural, spiritual, and practical significance to Māori identity and heritage.
Tangata Whenua
A term meaning 'people of the land,' specifically referring to the indigenous Māori population of New Zealand and their relationship to their ancestral lands.
Obstacles to Migration
Various challenges that impede the migration process, including legal barriers, socio-economic conditions, and geographical constraints.
Seasonal Migration
Temporary movements of people based on seasonal work opportunities, reflecting economic conditions in different regions.
Industrialisation
The transformation of economies from predominantly agricultural to manufacturing and service-based, leading to urban growth and fundamental societal changes.
Forced Migration
A type of migration compelled by factors such as conflict, persecution, or natural disasters, displacing individuals or communities from their homes.
Assisted Passage
A program where individuals receive financial support from governments or organizations to migrate, often aimed at promoting settlement in specific regions.
Internal Migration
The movement of people within a country, commonly involving relocation from rural areas to urban centers in search of employment and improved living conditions.
New Zealand Company
An organization established to facilitate European settlement in New Zealand during the 19th century, heavily influencing immigration and land acquisition patterns.
Polynesian Panthers
A social justice group active in New Zealand advocating for the rights of Pacific Islanders, particularly during the 1970s social movements.
