Key terms and people as well as important dates

Key Terms and People

1. New Zealand and World War One

• Key Terms:

  • ANZAC: Acronym for the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, representing soldiers from these countries, especially during WWI.

  • Western Front: The main theater of WWI, running through Belgium and France, where trench warfare predominated.

  • Trench: Deep, narrow ditches dug to protect soldiers from enemy fire.

  • No Man's Land: The dangerous area between opposing trenches.

  • Stalemate: A situation in which neither side can make progress, common in trench warfare.

  • Attrition: A strategy of wearing down the enemy over time through continuous losses.

  • Over the Top: The command to leave the safety of trenches and advance toward the enemy.

  • Alliances: Agreements between nations to support each other in conflict.

  • Memorials: Structures or monuments built to honor those who died in wars.

2. Divine Right, Dictatorship, and Democracy

• Key People:

  • Tsar Nicholas II: The last emperor of Russia, overthrown during the Russian Revolution.

  • Joseph Stalin: Dictator of the Soviet Union known for his authoritarian rule and the implementation of communism.

  • Kate Sheppard: A leader in the suffragist movement, helping New Zealand become the first country to grant women the right to vote in 1893.

  • Prime Minister of New Zealand: The head of government in New Zealand’s parliamentary democracy.

  • Governor General of New Zealand: The Queen’s representative in New Zealand, responsible for ensuring constitutional governance.

  • Speaker of the House: Oversees debates and maintains order in NZ’s Parliament.

  • Leader of the Opposition: Heads the political party not in government, providing alternative policies and holding the government accountable.

• Key Terms:

  • Ostrakons: Pottery shards used in ancient Greece to vote on individuals to be exiled.

  • Divine Right of Kings: Belief that monarchs receive their authority from God, justifying absolute rule.

  • Personality Cult: Intense public admiration and glorification of a leader, often promoted by authoritarian regimes.

  • Propaganda: Information used to promote a political agenda, sometimes with misleading or biased content.

  • Universal Suffrage: The right of all adults to vote, regardless of gender or social status.

  • Safeguards on Democracy: Legal and political measures ensuring democratic rights and preventing abuse of power.

  • Communism: Ideology advocating for a classless society where resources are owned collectively.

3. The Power of the Planet

• Key Terms:

  • Continental Drift: Theory that continents move over time due to tectonic plate movement.

  • Convection Currents: Circular movements in the Earth’s mantle, driving tectonic plate movement.

  • Tectonic Plates: Large sections of the Earth’s crust that move, causing geological activity.

  • Subduction: Process where one tectonic plate slides under another, often forming volcanoes.

  • Magma: Molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface, which erupts as lava.

  • Uplift: The rise of land due to tectonic forces.

  • Weathering: The breakdown of rocks through natural processes.

  • Fluvial Erosion: Erosion caused by rivers, creating features like V-shaped valleys.

  • Glacial Erosion: Erosion by glaciers, forming U-shaped valleys.

  • Aeolian Erosion: Erosion caused by wind.

  • Transportation: Movement of eroded material to new locations by wind, water, or ice.

  • Deposition: Dropping of eroded material in a new location, forming landforms.

4. The Partnership

• Key People:

  • Hongi Hika: Influential Māori chief who led his people in warfare and engaged with Europeans.

  • Hone Heke: Māori leader who resisted British rule, famously chopping down the flagstaff in Kororareka.

  • William Hobson: The first Governor of New Zealand and co-author of the Treaty of Waitangi.

  • James Busby: British Resident in New Zealand who helped draft the Declaration of Independence.

  • Queen Victoria: The British monarch during the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi.

  • Henry Williams: Missionary who translated the Treaty of Waitangi into Māori.

  • King Potatau: The first Māori King, symbolizing Māori unity and resistance to British rule.

  • Governor Grey: British Governor who played a major role in the colonial expansion in NZ.

  • Whina Cooper: Prominent Māori leader and activist, known for leading the Māori Land March.

  • Eva Rickard: Māori land rights activist who protested land confiscations.

  • Joe Hawke: Leader of the Bastion Point protest, advocating for Māori land rights.

• Key Terms:

  • Kawanatanga: Māori term for governance, referring to the British power established in NZ.

  • Tino Rangatiratanga: Māori term for self-determination or chieftainship.

  • Mana: Māori concept of authority, respect, and power.

  • Raupatu: Confiscation of Māori land by the Crown.

  • Kingitanga: The Māori King Movement, established to unify Māori under a common leadership.

  • Native Land Courts: Courts established to convert Māori land ownership to British-style titles.

  • Waitangi Tribunal: Established to address grievances related to the Treaty of Waitangi.

  • Pa: Fortified Māori village.

  • Utu: Concept of reciprocity and revenge in Māori culture.

  • Missionary: A person promoting religious beliefs, especially in foreign lands.

  • Whenua: Māori word for land.

  • Tangata Whenua: Indigenous people of the land, a term for Māori people.

  • Treaty Principles: The principles of partnership, protection, and participation in the Treaty of Waitangi.

5. Searching for a Better Life

• Key Terms:

  • Push and Pull Factors: Conditions encouraging people to leave their home (push) or attract them to a new place (pull).

  • Obstacles to Migration: Challenges faced in the migration process, such as legal restrictions or physical barriers.

  • Emigration: Leaving one’s country to live in another.

  • Immigration: Moving into a new country to live.

  • Seasonal Migration: Moving based on seasonal work opportunities.

  • Industrialisation: Shift from agrarian economies to manufacturing economies.

  • Chain Migration: Migration pattern where individuals follow previous migrants to a new location.

  • Forced Migration: Migration compelled by war, persecution, or disaster.

  • Assisted Passage: Government or organization funding to help people migrate.

  • Internal Migration: Movement within the same country.

  • New Zealand Company: An organization that promoted and arranged European settlement in NZ.

  • Polynesian Panthers: NZ-based activist group advocating for the rights of Pacific Islanders.

  • Dawn Raids: NZ government actions in the 1970s targeting Pacific Islanders overstaying visas.

Paragraph Notes on Asterisked Topics

1. New Zealand and World War One: Breaking the Stalemate of Trench Warfare

Trench warfare led to a stalemate during World War One because defensive technologies were more effective than offensive tactics. The trenches, barbed wire, and machine guns created deadly obstacles for advancing troops, making it difficult for either side to gain significant ground. “No man’s land,” the area between opposing trenches, was heavily guarded and exposed soldiers to near-certain death. New technologies like tanks and poison gas were introduced to break this stalemate, but these tactics were initially unreliable and failed to secure a decisive advantage. The war thus became one of attrition, with each side incurring high casualties without achieving major breakthroughs.

2. Divine Right, Dictatorship, and Democracy: Democracy in New Zealand

Democracy in New Zealand is characterized by a parliamentary system where the government is accountable to the people through regular elections. The Prime Minister, as head of government, operates alongside a Governor General, who represents the monarchy and ensures that constitutional procedures are followed. New Zealand's democratic system promotes representation, with an elected parliament debating laws, while safeguards prevent abuses of power. This setup has contributed to a stable political environment where citizens' rights are protected, and the government can be held accountable, reflecting the democratic values of representation and participation.

3. The Partnership: Misunderstandings Over the Treaty of Waitangi

Misunderstandings over the Treaty of Waitangi stemmed from translation issues and differing cultural perspectives on authority. The English version of the Treaty emphasized British governance (kawanatanga), whereas the Māori version used terms like "Tino Rangatiratanga," implying chieftainship or self-determination. These differences created confusion about the extent of British authority versus Māori autonomy. British officials viewed the Treaty as granting them full governance, while many Māori saw it as an agreement to protect their land and rights

4o

You said:

List the important dates for these topics. e.g when was world war 1

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Here's a list of the key dates for each topic.

1. New Zealand and World War One

• 1914-1918: Duration of World War One.

• August 4, 1914: Britain declares war on Germany, involving New Zealand as part of the British Empire.

• April 25, 1915: ANZAC forces land at Gallipoli, marking a significant campaign for New Zealand and Australian troops.

• September 15, 1916: New Zealand troops take part in the Battle of the Somme, a major and deadly WWI battle.

• October 12, 1917: Battle of Passchendaele, the bloodiest day for New Zealand in WWI.

• November 11, 1918: Armistice Day, marking the end of World War One.

• 1918-1919: Influenza epidemic spreads globally, heavily impacting New Zealand and Samoa.

2. Divine Right, Dictatorship, and Democracy

• 1215: Signing of the Magna Carta, limiting the power of the monarchy in England.

• Renaissance (14th-17th centuries): A period of cultural and intellectual growth that influenced democratic ideas.

• 1776: American Declaration of Independence, asserting democratic principles.

• 1789: Start of the French Revolution, leading to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.

• 1893: New Zealand becomes the first country to grant women the right to vote.

• 1917: Russian Revolution, leading to the establishment of a communist dictatorship under Lenin and later Stalin.

• 1948: United Nations adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, promoting democratic values globally.

3. The Power of the Planet: The Shaping of New Zealand and the World

• 200 million years ago: Start of the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea, leading to continental drift.

• 1855: Wairarapa earthquake, one of the largest recorded earthquakes in New Zealand.

• 1886: Eruption of Mount Tarawera in New Zealand, causing significant geological and cultural impact.

• 2011: Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan, a major disaster impacting millions and used as a case study on tsunamis.

4. The Partnership: The Treaty of Waitangi and Māori Protest Movements

• 1820s-1830s: Musket Wars, inter-tribal conflicts in New Zealand involving Māori tribes.

• 1835: Signing of the Declaration of Independence by Māori chiefs, asserting Māori sovereignty.

• February 6, 1840: Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi between British representatives and Māori chiefs.

• 1845-1872: New Zealand Wars, a series of conflicts over land and sovereignty between the British Crown and Māori.

• 1863: Establishment of the Kingitanga (Māori King Movement) to unify Māori against land confiscations.

• 1975: Establishment of the Waitangi Tribunal to investigate and address grievances related to the Treaty.

• 1975: Māori Land March, led by Whina Cooper to protest Māori land loss.

• 1977-1978: Bastion Point protest, an occupation by Māori activists to protest land confiscations.

5. Searching for a Better Life: Migration and Refugees

• 1840s-1870s: Assisted migration schemes bring British settlers to New Zealand.

• 1845-1852: The Great Famine in Ireland, leading to significant Irish emigration to the United States.

• 1860s-1900s: New Zealand’s “Gold Rush” period, attracting migrants from various countries, especially China.

• 1950s-1970s: The “Northward Drift” – internal migration of New Zealanders from rural areas to cities, especially Auckland.

• 1970s: Dawn Raids in New Zealand, targeting Pacific Island overstayers.

• 1980s-2000s: Refugees from various global conflicts, including Southeast Asia and the Middle East, resettle in New Zealand.