AP Psychology - Unit 0 Slides

Psychology

The study of behavior and mental processes; it is both a combination of the biological and the physical

Behavior

What organisms do and how or why they do what they do

Mental Processes

The internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior: sensations, perception, dreams, thoughts, feelings, etc.

Sensations

These are your senses-it is the process of your body receiving outside signals and stimuli from your eyes, nose, ears, tongue, etc.

Perception

This is how your brain interprets information being provided. You may perceive some things as happy, or sad, or hostile, or good, or bad, etc.

1879

Psychology was not an official science or field of study until _____, although philosophers had linked the idea of the physical body and the mind long before.

Ancient Hebrew Writers

__________________ drew connections between feelings and parts of the body, such as love being felt near the heart and fear in the stomach

Buddha

_________ (500s CE) noted the influence of sensation and perception on ideas (I.e senses can change moods, such as anger, which changes how you perceive and act.)

Socrates and Plato

______________ (400s BCE) theorized that the mind and body were separable, and that our minds were born with certain, innate knowledge that required unlocking.

Aristotle

__________ (300s BCE) argued that we obtain knowledge and habits through observation and experience (not simply through unlocking what we already have)

Nature

Proponents of this believed knowledge and mind are innately bestowed.

Nurture

Proponents of this believed knowledge and mind are shaped by our environment.

Descartes

Proponent of nature, believed the brain’s fluids contained ‘animal spirits’ that commanded muscles, and that these ‘spirits’ determined behavior. (Philosopher)

Francis Bacon

Proponent of nurture, held that we humans learn as we go, and are forever trying to organize and make patterns of everything-even randomness. (Philosopher)

John Locke

Held that we are all born as ‘blank slates’ which are molded by our surroundings and education. (Philosopher)

Wilhelm Wundt

Psychology developed into its own field of science under ______________ when studying the longer reaction time of hearing vs perceiving a sound.

G. Stanley Hall and John Hopkins

Wilhelm Wundt began to explore the idea of sensation and perception with _____________ and ______________ (2 philosophers)

Structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt started a branch of psychology known as _________________: the scientific search for the structural elements of the mind

William James

Over the period of time 1890-1920, ________________ developed the field of Functionalism

Functionalism

___________________ ran under the belief that sensations like hearing, taste, touch, simple emotions, and consciousness were evolutionary mutations that helped our ancestors survive.

Consciousness

William James asserted that ______________ enabled early humans to think about the past, allowing them to remember benefits, dangers, and plan for the future.

Mary Whiton Calkins

Despite her excellent work with William James, ______________ was denied a PhD simply for being a woman

Margaret Washburn

The first female PhD in psychology wouldn’t be granted until 1894 to _______________

Sigmund Freud

The ideas of _____________ emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He witnessed a colleague treat a patient’s illness by listening to the thoughts and problems of the patient and made a connection between our minds, bodies, and experiences.

Unconsciously

Freud asserted that our behaviors, thoughts and perceptions are shaped ________________ by our past and primitive instincts. This introduced the idea that our minds and bodies have aspects that are beyond our awareness.

1960s

By the _____, a new branch of psychology emerged that focused on learned behaviors in response to stimuli and situations (decade)

Ivan Pavlov

____________ discovered that a dog’s automatic responses to stimuli (salivation in anticipation of food) could be ‘learned’ or associated with a previously neutral stimulus

John B. Watson

__________________ experimented on the behavioral responses of other animals and children to various stimuli.

Classical Conditioning

This psychological method described animals and children learning to anticipate and associate stimuli with events. Took shape in the 1960s.

Behaviorists

This group of people incorrectly asserted that classical conditioning patterns could explain ALL human behavior, and provide a link between perceptions and sensations. They made excellent discoveries about observation and reinforcement, but failed to explain innate behaviors (salmon migration, rooting, etc.)

BF Skinner

This man furthered the conditioning experiments of behaviorism and was famous for training animal and human behaviors through controlled stimuli and their consequences (I.e., rewards and punishments)

Operant Conditioning

This psychological method uses positive and negative reinforcement, as well as positive and negative punishment to alter behavior, mainly associated with the work of BF Skinner

Carl Rogers

______________ believed that Behaviorists and Freudians dismissed or ignored the innate needs of human beings.

Humanistic psychologists

_____________________ developed theories and ideas based on human emotion and basic needs, such as love and a sense of belonging. Argued acceptance and introspection could alleviate many issues that plagued patients with emotional/social deficits. Failed to explain internal brain activity

Cognitive Psychologists

___________________ focused on the mental processes of the brain: how we process and retain information as a part of the Cognitive Revolution. This includes internal problem solving, knowledge, intelligence, perception, thinking, and memory. Explanations and therapies can seem robotic or hollow to some.

Functionalists

Which group of psychologists made a connection between consciousness and evolutionary adaptation, but failed to explain the mechanisms of the brain and its activity?

Freudian psychologists

Which group of psychologists astutely asserted there are processes in our minds that operate unconsciously, but failed to explain simpler behavior and rewards?

Biological

Which psychological domain deals with how brain activity and circuits affect our behavior and emotions, and how these emotions can affect behaviors (I.e., you act differently when happy)

Clinical

Which psychological domain deals with assessing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders?

Dorothea Dix

_________________ opened up the first mental asylums

Cognitive

Which psychological domain is the study of all the mental abilities associated with knowing, remembering, thinking, and communicating and how they impact mood and perception (often analyzes brain activity with equipment)

Counseling

Which psychological domain is professionals who help people to cope with crises, help people adjust to life transitions, or make lifestyle changes (I.e. divorce, marriage, loss)

Developmental

Which psychological domain is the study of changing abilities from womb to tomb (how we progress from infancy, to childhood, to adolescence, to adulthood mentally and behaviorally)

Jean Piaget

Renowned developmental psychologist

Educational

Which psychological domain is the methods and influences on teaching and learning?

Experimental

Which psychological domain is a diverse group of scientists who study behavior via experiments and observation in humans and animals? (Can be linked to any field or domain, it is about applying valid confirmations to psychological findings)

Positive

Which psychological domain seeks to encourage acceptance of one’s past with excitement and optimism about future experiences?

Industrial-organizational

Which psychological domain is the use of psychological concepts and methods to select employees, boost morale, design products, and better business functioning?

Personality

Which psychological domain is investigating and logging persistent traits and consistent behaviors of people across time? (I.e. temperament, interests, etc.)

Psychometric

Which psychological domain can be applied to any domain or field as it is a form of measurement for the abilities, attitudes, and traits of human beings? (Example: intelligence and personality tests)

Psychodynamic

Which psychological domain is the study of how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and the use of that info to treat psychological disorders (I.e. modern Freudians)

Social

Which psychological domain is how expressions and emotions vary across cultural and situational contexts? (I.e. cataloging and explaining how or why people act in different social or cultural situations)

Contemporary Psychology

With most fields providing partial truths, __________________ shifted to studying the interactions of physiological (biological) and cognitive processes

Evolutionary

Some behaviors and predispositions are inherited

Biopsychosocial

the interactions of genes, mood and personality, and social factors (culture, family, socioeconomic status) all interact to determine behavior

Gestalt Principles

Our drive to group things into larger parts, and see in sequence or as a whole