ap human geography unit 6 (copy)

boomburg

a suburb that has grown rapidly into a large and sprawling city with more than 100,000 residents

urban area

a city and its surrounding suburbs

meteropolitan area

a city and the surrounding areas that are influenced economically and culturally by the city

urban sprawl

areas of poorly planned, low-density development surrounding a city

edge city

a type of community located on the outskirts of a larger city with commercial centers with office space, retail complexes, and other amenities typical of an urban center

exurb

a typically fast-growing community outside of or on the edge of a metropolitan area where the residents and community are closely connected to the central city and suburbs

infill

redevelopment that identifies and develops vacant parcels of land within previously built areas

rank-size rule

explanation of size of cities within a country; states the second-largest city will be one-half the size of the largest, the third largest will be one-third the size of the largest, and so on

primate city

the largest city in a country, which far exceeds the next city in population size and importance

central place theory

a theory used to describe the spatial relationship between cities and their surrounding communities. The theory, published in 1933, describes a central place as a settlement that provides goods and services for the surrounding area. There are several types of settlements within an urban hierarchy, city to town to village to hamlet

threshold

in central place theory, the number of people needed to support a certain good or service

range

in central place theory, the distance that someone is willing to travel for a good or service

megacity

a city with a population of more than 10 million

metacity

a city with a population of more than 20 million

world city

a city that wields political, cultural, and economic influence on a global scale

concentric zone model

a model of urban development (made by Burgess studying Chicago in the 1920s) depicting a city growing outward from its central business district in a series of concentric rings

sector model

Made by Hoyt in 1939, a model of urban development depicting a city with wedge-shaped sectors and divisions emanating from the central business district, generally along transit routes

multiple-nuclei model

made by Harris and Ullman in 1945, a model of urban development depicting a city where growth occurs around the progressive integration of multiple nodes, not around one central business district

node

the focal point of a functional region

galactic city model

Made by Lewis in 1980s, a model of urban development depicting a city where economic activity has moved from the central business district toward loose coalitions of other urban areas and suburbs; also known as the peripheral model

Latin American city model

Made by Griffin and Ford in 1980, a model of urban development depicting a city with with a central business district, concentric rings, a high-end commercial sector, and sections stricken by poverty; also known as the Griffin-Ford model

Disamenity Zones

a high-poverty urban area in a disadvantaged location containing steep slopes, flood-prone ground, rail lines, landfills, or industry and poor infrastructure

squatter settlement

an informal housing area beset with overcrowding and poverty that features temporary homes often made of wood scraps or metal sheeting

African city model

Made by De Blij in 1962, a model of urban development depicting a city with three central business districts, growing outward in a series of concentric rings

Southeast Asian City model

a model of urban development depicting a city oriented around a port and lacking a formal central business district, growing outward in concentric rings and along multiple nodes

zoning

the process of dividing a city or urban area into zones within which only certain land uses are permitted

ecological footprint

impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain the use of natural resources

mixed-use development

a single planned development designed to include multiple uses, such as residential, retail, educational, recreational, industrial, and office spaces

walkability

a measure of how safe, convenient, and efficient it is to walk in an urban environment

Transportation-oriented development

the creation of dense, walkable, pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use communities centered around or located near a transit station

smart-growth policy

policy implemented to create sustainable communities by placing development in convenient locations and designing it to be more efficient and environmentally responsible

mixed-used zoning

zoning that permits multiple land uses in the same space or structure

traditional zoning

zoning that creates separate zones based on land-use type or economic function such as various categories of residential (low-, medium-, or high-density), commercial, or industrial

new urbanism

a school of thought that promotes designing growth to limit the amount of urban sprawl and preserve nature and usable farmland

slow-growth city

city where planners have used smart-growth policies to decrease the rate at which the city grows outward

urban growth boundary

a boundary that separates urban land uses from rural land uses by limiting how far a city can expand

greenbelt

a ring of parkland, agricultural land, or other type of open space maintained around an urban area to limit sprawl

redlining

practice by which a financial institution such as a bank refuses to offer home loans on the basis of a neighborhood's racial or ethnic makeup

blockbusting

a practice by real estate agents who would stir up concern that Black families would soon move into a neighborhood; the agents would convince White property owners to sell their houses at below-market prices

inclusionary zoning laws

law that creates affordable housing by offering incentives for developers to set aside a minimum percentage of new housing construction to be allocated for low-income renters or buyers

land tenure

the legal rights, as defined by a society, associated with owning land

eminent domain

a government's right to take over privately owned property for public use or interest

environmental injustice

the ways in which communities of color and poor people are more likely to be exposed to environmental burdens such as air pollution or contaminated water; also called environmental racism

urban renewal

the nationwide movement that developed in the 1950s and 1960s when U.S. cities were given massive federal grants to tear down and clear out crumbling neighborhoods and former industrial zones as a means of rebuilding their downtowns

regional planning

planning conducted at a regional scale that seeks to coordinate the development of housing, transportation, urban infrastructure, and economic activities

brownfields

abandoned and polluted industrial site in a central city or suburb

conurbation

a continuous, extended urban area formed by the growing together of several formerly separate, expanding cities

Suburbanization

The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.

bid-rent theory

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

central business district

a concentration of business and commerce in the city's downtown

Deindustrialization

process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

food desert

An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.