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boomburg
a suburb that has grown rapidly into a large and sprawling city with more than 100,000 residents
urban area
a city and its surrounding suburbs
meteropolitan area
a city and the surrounding areas that are influenced economically and culturally by the city
urban sprawl
areas of poorly planned, low-density development surrounding a city
edge city
a type of community located on the outskirts of a larger city with commercial centers with office space, retail complexes, and other amenities typical of an urban center
exurb
a typically fast-growing community outside of or on the edge of a metropolitan area where the residents and community are closely connected to the central city and suburbs
infill
redevelopment that identifies and develops vacant parcels of land within previously built areas
rank-size rule
explanation of size of cities within a country; states the second-largest city will be one-half the size of the largest, the third largest will be one-third the size of the largest, and so on
primate city
the largest city in a country, which far exceeds the next city in population size and importance
central place theory
a theory used to describe the spatial relationship between cities and their surrounding communities. The theory, published in 1933, describes a central place as a settlement that provides goods and services for the surrounding area. There are several types of settlements within an urban hierarchy, city to town to village to hamlet
threshold
in central place theory, the number of people needed to support a certain good or service
range
in central place theory, the distance that someone is willing to travel for a good or service
megacity
a city with a population of more than 10 million
metacity
a city with a population of more than 20 million
world city
a city that wields political, cultural, and economic influence on a global scale
concentric zone model
a model of urban development (made by Burgess studying Chicago in the 1920s) depicting a city growing outward from its central business district in a series of concentric rings
sector model
Made by Hoyt in 1939, a model of urban development depicting a city with wedge-shaped sectors and divisions emanating from the central business district, generally along transit routes
multiple-nuclei model
made by Harris and Ullman in 1945, a model of urban development depicting a city where growth occurs around the progressive integration of multiple nodes, not around one central business district
node
the focal point of a functional region
galactic city model
Made by Lewis in 1980s, a model of urban development depicting a city where economic activity has moved from the central business district toward loose coalitions of other urban areas and suburbs; also known as the peripheral model
Latin American city model
Made by Griffin and Ford in 1980, a model of urban development depicting a city with with a central business district, concentric rings, a high-end commercial sector, and sections stricken by poverty; also known as the Griffin-Ford model
Disamenity Zones
a high-poverty urban area in a disadvantaged location containing steep slopes, flood-prone ground, rail lines, landfills, or industry and poor infrastructure
squatter settlement
an informal housing area beset with overcrowding and poverty that features temporary homes often made of wood scraps or metal sheeting
African city model
Made by De Blij in 1962, a model of urban development depicting a city with three central business districts, growing outward in a series of concentric rings
Southeast Asian City model
a model of urban development depicting a city oriented around a port and lacking a formal central business district, growing outward in concentric rings and along multiple nodes
zoning
the process of dividing a city or urban area into zones within which only certain land uses are permitted
ecological footprint
impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain the use of natural resources
mixed-use development
a single planned development designed to include multiple uses, such as residential, retail, educational, recreational, industrial, and office spaces
walkability
a measure of how safe, convenient, and efficient it is to walk in an urban environment
Transportation-oriented development
the creation of dense, walkable, pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use communities centered around or located near a transit station
smart-growth policy
policy implemented to create sustainable communities by placing development in convenient locations and designing it to be more efficient and environmentally responsible
mixed-used zoning
zoning that permits multiple land uses in the same space or structure
traditional zoning
zoning that creates separate zones based on land-use type or economic function such as various categories of residential (low-, medium-, or high-density), commercial, or industrial
new urbanism
a school of thought that promotes designing growth to limit the amount of urban sprawl and preserve nature and usable farmland
slow-growth city
city where planners have used smart-growth policies to decrease the rate at which the city grows outward
urban growth boundary
a boundary that separates urban land uses from rural land uses by limiting how far a city can expand
greenbelt
a ring of parkland, agricultural land, or other type of open space maintained around an urban area to limit sprawl
redlining
practice by which a financial institution such as a bank refuses to offer home loans on the basis of a neighborhood's racial or ethnic makeup
blockbusting
a practice by real estate agents who would stir up concern that Black families would soon move into a neighborhood; the agents would convince White property owners to sell their houses at below-market prices
inclusionary zoning laws
law that creates affordable housing by offering incentives for developers to set aside a minimum percentage of new housing construction to be allocated for low-income renters or buyers
land tenure
the legal rights, as defined by a society, associated with owning land
eminent domain
a government's right to take over privately owned property for public use or interest
environmental injustice
the ways in which communities of color and poor people are more likely to be exposed to environmental burdens such as air pollution or contaminated water; also called environmental racism
urban renewal
the nationwide movement that developed in the 1950s and 1960s when U.S. cities were given massive federal grants to tear down and clear out crumbling neighborhoods and former industrial zones as a means of rebuilding their downtowns
regional planning
planning conducted at a regional scale that seeks to coordinate the development of housing, transportation, urban infrastructure, and economic activities
brownfields
abandoned and polluted industrial site in a central city or suburb
conurbation
a continuous, extended urban area formed by the growing together of several formerly separate, expanding cities
Suburbanization
The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.
bid-rent theory
geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.
central business district
a concentration of business and commerce in the city's downtown
Deindustrialization
process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment
food desert
An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain
Gentrification
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.
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