Biology SOL Review Flashcards

A comprehensive set of fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering the Biology SOL review notes, including scientific investigation, macromolecules, ecology, classification, cell biology, and genetics.

In an experiment, the factor that is changed on purpose is the __________ __________.

Independent Variable

The data or measurements collected during an experiment, which respond to the independent variable, are the __________ __________ .

Dependent Variable

Factors that must stay the same throughout an experiment to ensure a valid test are called __________.

Constants

The __________ group in an experiment does not receive the independent variable and is used for comparison.

Control

Information gathered using the five senses, such as noting a cracked phone screen, is an __________.

Observation

A description of characteristics or qualities is known as __________ data.

Qualitative

Data that consists of measurements or numbers is known as __________ data.

Quantitative

On a graph, the independent variable is graphed on the $-axis whereas the dependent variable is graphed on the$-axis.

$X$; $Y$

The property of water that allows positive hydrogen of one molecule to stick to the negative oxygen of another is __________ __________.

Hydrogen bonding

__________ describes water molecules sticking to other water molecules.

Cohesion

__________ describes water molecules sticking to different molecules, contributing to capillary action.

Adhesion

The monomer of a carbohydrate is a __________.

Monosaccharide

The organic compounds used for long-term energy storage and insulation are __________.

Lipids

Proteins are made of monomers called __________ __________.

Amino Acids

Enzymes act as catalysts by lowering the __________ __________ required for a chemical reaction to start.

Activation energy

The specific molecule that binds with an enzyme at its active site is the __________.

Substrate

Living factors in an ecosystem are called __________, while nonliving factors are called __________.

Biotic; Abiotic

__________ growth occurs when a population grows until limiting factors stabilize it at its carrying capacity.

Logistic

The maximum population size that an environment can support is its __________ __________.

Carrying Capacity

In an energy pyramid, only __________ of energy moves from one trophic level to the next.

$$10\%$$

Organisms that make their own food are called __________, while those that must obtain energy by eating others are __________.

Autotrophs; Heterotrophs

A long-term relationship where one species benefits and the other is unharmed is called __________.

Commensalism

A relationship where one species benefits and the host is harmed is called __________.

Parasitism

__________ succession begins on bare rock after events like a volcanic eruption.

Primary

The stable community that exists at the end of ecological succession is the __________ __________.

Climax community

The levels of taxonomy in order are Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, __________, and __________.

Genus; Species

Organisms in the Kingdom __________ have cell walls made of chitin and are heterotrophs.

Fungi

__________ reproduction involves two parents and results in offspring different from the parents.

Sexual

Non-living particles that can only replicate within a host cell are __________.

Viruses

The __________ theory states that disease is caused by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, protists, or viruses.

Germ

The __________ __________ is semi-permeable and made of a phospholipid bilayer that controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Cell Membrane

The movement of water from high to low concentration across a membrane is called __________.

Osmosis

In a __________ solution, water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink or shrivel.

Hypertonic

Active transport requires __________ because it moves particles against the concentration gradient.

Energy

__________ cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, with bacteria being a primary example.

Prokaryotic

The __________ is the site of cellular respiration where glucose is converted into ATP.

Mitochondria

The chemical equation for photosynthesis requires light energy, $, and$.

$CO_2$; $H_2O$

The longest part of the cell cycle, consisting of growth and DNA replication, is __________.

Interphase

DNA replication specifically occurs during the __________ phase of the cell cycle.

$$S$$

The process of __________ produces two identical diploid somatic cells.

Mitosis

The division of the cytoplasm following mitosis is called __________.

Cytokinesis

__________ is the type of cell division that produces four different haploid gametes.

Meiosis

Unlike DNA, RNA is single-stranded and contains the nitrogen base __________ instead of Thymine.

$$U$$

The process of making RNA from a DNA template in the nucleus is called __________.

Transcription

The process of building a protein from an mRNA template at the ribosome is called __________.

Translation

A __________ is a section of DNA that codes for a specific trait.

Gene

An organism with two different alleles for a trait, such as Bb, is __________.

Heterozygous

The physical trait or appearance resulting from a genotype is the __________.

Phenotype

__________ structures, like the limbs of a whale or human appendix, are no longer used but still present in an organism.

Vestigial

__________ structures have similar internal anatomy but different functions, indicating a recent common ancestor.

Homologous