history chapter 13

History 1301

In the nineteenth century, the United States acquired most of what is now the Southwest from which country?

Mexico

Which of the following reflects the spirit of Young America?

Manifest destiny

Which of the following would a Young American most likely support?

Market economy

Why did the Mexican government grant Stephen F. Austin land in what is now Texas?

In hopes he would help attract and settle new colonists from the United States

Newly independent Mexico encouraged trade with the

United States and wooed American settlers to Texas, which was sparsely populated.

what did Mexico encouraging trade with United States grant for Stephen F. Austin

son of a one-time Spanish citizen, a huge piece of land there in hopes he would help attract and settle new colonists from the United States

In early Texas, what issue created friction between the Mexican government and Anglo colonists?

over slavery and the authority of the Catholic Church

Anglo-American settlers were not willing to become

Mexicans

Yet under the terms of settlement, all people living in Texas had to become

Mexican citizens and Roman Catholics.

how was slavery a problem during anglo American colonist to migrate in Mexico

In 1829, Mexico freed all slaves under its jurisdiction

Mexican government gave slaveholders in Texas an exemption that allowed them to

emancipate their slaves and then force them to sign lifelong contracts as indentured servants, but many Texans refused to limit their ownership rights in any way

Why did the Mexican government ban further Anglo settlement in 1830?

A Mexican commission reported in 1829 that Americans in Texas were flagrantly violating Mexican law—refusing to emancipate their slaves, evading import duties on goods from the United States, and not converting to Catholicism. In 1830, the Mexican Congress prohibited further American immigration and importation of slaves to Texas.

In 1832, the colonists showed their displeasure by rioting in protest against the

arrest of Anglo-Americans by a Mexican commander.

Why did some Tejanos support the separation of Texas from Mexico?

They too wanted to be free of Santa Anna's heavy-handed rule.

ensuing conflict largely pitted Americans against Mexicans, what did some Texas Mexicans, or Tejanos sided with

Anglo rebels

How did President Andrew Jackson react to the establishment of the Republic of Texas?

- Andrew Jackson and others told him that domestic politics and fear of a war with Mexico made immediate annexation impossible.

- The most that he could win from Congress and the Jackson administration was formal recognition of Texas sovereignty.

Within days after Texas declared itself a republic, rebels and Mexican troops in San Antonio fought the

famous Battle of the Alamo

how was the independence of texas recognized

Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign treaties recognizing the independence of Texas and its claim to territory all the way to the Rio Grande

Houston's agent found sympathy for

Texas's independence

What was the underlying premise of Manifest Destiny?

- One was that God favored American expansionism.

- Second, the phrase "free development" implied that the spread of American rule meant "extending the area of freedom."

- Third premise was that population growth required territorial acquisitions.

n its most extreme form, Manifest Destiny meant that the United States would occupy the entire North American continent. Nothing less would appease its land-hungry population.

Democratic institutions and local self-government would follow the flag if

the United States annexed areas claimed by autocratic foreign governments

What provoked the 1840s War with Mexico and why did it last longer than expected?

- Although Mexico had offered to recognize Texas independence in 1845 to forestall annexation to the United States, it rejected the Lone Star Republic's dubious claim to the unsettled territory between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande.

- When the United States annexed Texas and assumed its claim to the disputed area,

- The Mexican-American War lasted much longer than expected because the Mexicans refused to make peace despite military defeats.

what did Mexico do when When the United States annexed Texas and assumed its claim to the disputed area

Mexico broke off diplomatic relations and prepared for war

how did the polk respond to the Mexican American war

placing troops in Louisiana on alert and dispatching John Slidell to Mexico City to resolve the boundary dispute and persuade the Mexicans to sell New Mexico and California to the United States

While Slidell was cooling his heels in Mexico City, in January 1846, Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to

advance beyond the Nueces and proceed toward the Rio Grande, thus encroaching on territory both sides claimed.

when did Taylor reach the rio grande

By April

during the Mexican-american war who was on the opposite on the rio grande from Taylor

Mexican forces had erected a fort. On April 24, 1,600 Mexican soldiers crossed the river and the following day attacked a small American detachment, killing 16 and capturing the rest.

Polk was already preparing his war message to Congress when he

learned of the fighting on the Rio Grande.

Maexican-american war:

war between US and Mexico after the US annexation of texas. As victory, the US vast new territories from Mexico

Taylor's decision to allow the Mexican garrison there to go free, and his unwillingness or inability to advance

farther into Mexico

Taylor's decision to free Mexican garrison caused

angered Polk and led him to adopt a new strategy to win the war and a new commander to implement it. He ordered General Winfield Scott to attack Veracruz and place an American army within striking distance of Mexico City.

during the Mexican American war, an expedition led by

Stephen Kearny captured Santa Fe, proclaimed the annexation of New Mexico, and set off for California.

during the Mexican American war, who did the US navy capture at the California coast

Monterey With the addition of Kearny's troops, a relatively few Americans took possession of California by 1847 against weak Mexican opposition

What were the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe that ended the War with Mexico?

- ceded New Mexico and California to the United States for $15 million, established the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico, and promised that the U.S. government would assume the financial claims of American citizens against Mexico.

- The 80,000 Mexican residents of the new territories would become U.S. citizens.

Treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo:

signed in 1848, this treaty ended the mexican-american war. Mexico relinquished its claims to texas and ceded an additional 500,000 square miles to the US for $15 million

when the Treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo reached Washington , what did polk do

censured Trist for disobeying orders but still sent the treaty to the Senate, which ratified it by a vote of 38 to 14 on March 10.

The United States gained 500,000 square miles of territory from the

Mexican-American Wa

after the Mexican American war, the united states expanded by 20%, adding the states of

California, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and Wyomin

Those interested in a southern route for a transcontinental railroad pressed for

even more territory.

what does historian Norman Graebner contends

were the great California harbors of San Francisco and San Diego. From these ports, Americans could trade directly with Asia and dominate the commerce of the Pacific. Once California had been acquired, policymakers had little incentive to press for more Mexican territory.

northerners from both parties charged that the real purpose of the war was to

spread slavery and increase the power of the southern states.

While battles were being fought in Mexico, Congress was debating the

Wilmot Proviso, a proposal to prohibit slavery in any territories acquired from Mexico

In the 1820s, the Mexican government's requirement that Anglo-American settlers in Texas __________ generated popular resistance.

Emancipate their slaves

Who was the first president of Texas?

Sam houston

Which of the following came under U.S. control as a result of the Mexican-American War

California

Which of the following highlights the link between slavery and the Mexican-American War?

Wilmot proviso

What limited the early success of railroads and how did the federal government step in to change that?

because canals were strong competitors, especially for the freight business.

Passengers might prefer the speed of trains, but the lower unit cost of transporting freight on the canal boats prevented most shippers from changing their habits.

states such as New York and Pennsylvania had invested heavily in canals and resisted chartering a competitive form of transportation

The railroad transformed the

American economy during the 1840s and 1850s

where did railroads come from

England, where steam locomotives were first used to haul cars along tracks in 1804

In 1830 and 1831, two American railroads began

commercial operation—the Charleston and Hamburg in South Carolina and the Baltimore and Ohio in Maryland.

After these pioneer lines had shown that steam locomotion was practical and profitable, what happen

other railroads were built and began to carry passengers and freight during the 1830s

how did the railroads improve in the 1840s

rails extended beyond the northeastern and Middle Atlantic states, and mileage increased more than threefold, totaling more than 9,000 miles by 1850

By 1860, all the states east of the Mississippi had

rail service

In the 1840s and 1850s, railroads drove many of the canals

out of business

Railroads had an enormous effect on the

economy

Although English imports originally met the demand for iron rails, railroads eventually spurred

development of the domestic iron industry

Private capital did not fully meet the needs of the

early railroad barons

tate and local governments, convinced that railroads were the key to their

prosperity, loaned them money, bought their stock, and guaranteed their bonds

What industry pioneered the factory system of production?

Domestic iron industry

Instead of being done in different locations, wool was woven and processed in

single production units beginning in the 1830s.

By 1860, some of the largest textile mills in the country were producing

wool cloth

what were adopted in the factory system

industries producing firearms, clocks, and sewing machines

How did the development of interchangeable parts affect the factory system?

"continuous process."

The essential features of the emerging mode of production were

gathering a supervised workforce in a single place, paying cash wages to workers, using interchangeable parts, and manufacturing by "continuous process."

The transition to mass production often depended on

new technology

what revolunized other industries

power looms and spinning machinery had made textile mills possible, new and more reliable machines or industrial techniques

Elias Howe's invention of the sewing machine in 1846 laid the basis for the

ready-to-wear clothing industry and contributed to the mechanization of shoemaking.

During the 1840s, iron manufacturers adopted the

British practice of using coal rather than charcoal for smelting and thus produced a metal better suited to industrial needs.

Charles Goodyear's discovery in 1839 of the process for vulcanizing rubber made new manufactured items available to the

American consumer, most notably the overshoe.

the greatest triumph of mid-nineteenth-century American technology was the development of the

world's most sophisticated and reliable machine tools.

A dynamic interaction between advances in transportation, industry, and agriculture made the

economy of the northern states stronger and more resilient during the 1850s.

Why did northern factories and farms turn more and more to mechanization? 13.2.3

in part from a shortage of cheap labor.

Compared to the industrializing nations of Europe, the economy of the United States in the early nineteenth century was

labor-scarce

Since it was difficult to attract able-bodied men to work for low wages in factories or on farms, what did women and children do

women and children were used extensively in the early textile mills, and commercial farmers had to rely on the labor of their family members.

Labor-saving machinery eased but did not solve the

labor shortage.

From what part of the world did most immigrants to America originate between 1820 an 1840 and which group tended to have more capital available to them?

Europe,British Isles and German-speaking areas of continental Europe, Ireland, Germany or germans

The largest single source of the new mass immigration was during the 1820s-1840s

Ireland

during the 1820s-1840s, what were the Smaller contingents came from

Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, and the Netherlands.

The massive transatlantic movement had many causes:

some people were pushed out of their homes; others were pulled toward America

The push factor that caused 1.5 million Irish to forsake the Emerald Isle between 1845 and 1854 was the

great potato blight, which brought famine to a population that subsisted on this single crop. The low fares then prevailing on sailing ships bound from England to North America made escape to America possible.

By the 1850s, the irish constituted much of the total population of

Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and many smaller New England and Middle Atlantic cities.

what were the Irish immigrants forced into

low-paid menial labor and crowded into festering urban slums, they were looked down on by most native-born Americans.

what caused Protestants to mob violence against the Irish immigrants

their devotion to Catholicism

The million or so Germans who also came in the late 1840s and early 1850s were more

fortunate

how were the germans different from the Irish

- germans were also peasants, but unlike the Irish, they had fled hard times rather than outright catastrophe.

- germans mortgages were foreclosed—or who could no longer make the regular payments to landlords that were the price of emancipation from feudal obligations—frequently immigrated to America.

- the germans often escaped with a little capital to make a fresh start in the New World.

- Germans encountered less prejudice and discrimination than the Irish.

how did German immigrants become successful midwestern farmers

The german's diversified agricultural skills and small amounts of capital

how were the Irish, German, and other European immigrants attracted to America.

Economic opportunity

A minority, like some German revolutionaries of 1848, chose the United States because

they admired its democratic political system

most immigrants were more interested in American because

making a decent living than in voting or running for office.

How were city centers changing by the beginning of the 19th century in terms of population distribution?

Characterized by overcrowding, poverty, disease, and crime.

The old "walking city," in which rich and poor lived

in close proximity near the center of town, was giving way to a more segregated environment.

Railroads and horse-drawn streetcars enabled

the affluent to move to the first American suburbs, while areas nearer commercial and industrial centers became the congested abode of newcomers from Europe.

made some progress before the Civil War, but the lot of the urban poor, mainly immigrants, was not

dramatically improved

Most urban immigrants' lives remained

unsafe, unhealthy, and unpleasant.

By 1860, what demographic made up the majority of the workforce in Lowell, Massachusetts, textile mills?

By 1860, immigrants constituted 61.7 percent of the workforce

The changing workforce of the textile mills in

Lowell, Massachusetts,

n 1836, only 3.7 percent of the workers in one Lowell mill were

foreign-born; most were young unmarried women from New England farms

In the 1840s, more men worked in

factories, although women predominated in the textile industry.

Why did the movement to limit the workday to ten hours fail?

Some such laws were actually passed, but they were ineffective because employers could still require a prospective worker to sign a contract agreeing to longer hours.

between management and labor became more impersonal, and workers were pushed to

increase their output