Bacteria 1

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47 Terms

1
How is bacteria classified?
Using microscopic, macroscopic, and biochemical characteristics
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2

What are the staining properties used in bacterial classification?

Gram positive and negative

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3
What are the shapes used in bacterial classification?
Cocci, bacilli, spirilla, fusiform, cluster, chains or pairs
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4
How is bacterial respiration categorized?
Aerobic and anaerobic
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5

What are the types of reproduction seen in bacteria?

Sporing and non-sporing

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6
How are important subspecies groups identified in bacteria?
Based on immunological properties, biochemical characteristics, antibiotic susceptibility, phage typing, and direct genetic approach
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7
What are serogroups and serotypes based on?
Bacterial cell wall, flagellar, and capsule antigens
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8
What is phage typing used for in bacteria?
Identifying bacterial strains based on their susceptibility to specific bacteriophages
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9

Give an example of how biochemistry characteristics can be used to identify different bacterial species

Certain strain of Streptococci aureus release beta-haemolysin (a toxin that causes lysis of RBCs)

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10

What is PCR used for in bacterial classification?

to detect organism-specific sentinel (disease-causing) DNA sequence

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11
What is the main component of the bacterial cell wall?
Peptidoglycan
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12

What disrupts the synthesis of peptidoglycan in bacteria?

Beta-lactam and glycopeptide antibiotics

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13
What is the function of the capsule in bacteria?
Protection against phagocytosis and determining virulence
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14

What are the main components of Gram-positive cell walls?

Peptidoglycan layer, lipoteichoic acids (LTA)

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15
What is the unique feature of Mycobacteria cell walls?
Outer layer contains complex lipids like mycolic acid with adjuvant activity
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16

What are the main components of Gram-negative cell walls?

Thin peptidoglycan layer, lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

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17

What are the properties of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in Gram-negative bacteria?

O antigen (carbohydrate chain) and endotoxin (lipid A component)

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18
What are flagella made of?
Flagellin protein
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19
What is the function of pili in bacteria?
Attachment to host cell (common pili) or other bacteria (sex pili), transferring DNA material, and preventing phagocytosis
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20
What is antigenic variation in pili?
Changes in the antigens to avoid immune recognition
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21
How do bacteria take up nutrients?
Through small molecules across the cell wall
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22

What can Gram-negative bacteria do with larger molecules?

Preliminary digestion in the periplasmic space.

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23
What are the different nutritional requirements of bacteria?
Some require minimal nutrients like E. coli with glucose and inorganic salt, while others need complex media with organic compounds like Streptococci
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24
What are the two types of bacterial respiration based on oxygen requirement?
Aerobic and anaerobic
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25
What are the final products of aerobic respiration in bacteria?
38 ATP, CO2, H2O
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26
What are the final products of anaerobic respiration in bacteria?
34 ATP, NH3, H2S, etc.
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27
How do bacteria deal with potentially destructive reactive oxygen species?
By having oxygen detoxifying enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase
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28
How does the growth rate of bacteria relate to nutrient availability?
Bacterial growth and division depend largely on the availability of nutrients and genetic factors
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29
What are the phases of the bacterial growth curve?
Lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase, death phase
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30
What are the characteristics of bacterial genomic DNA?
Circular, no introns, tightly coiled in a nucleoid, and can be extrachromosomal in plasmids
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31
Where does bacterial DNA replication begin?
OriC: origin of replication
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32
What enzymes are involved in unwinding and separating DNA strands during replication?
Helicases and topoisomerases like DNA gyrase
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33
Why is accurate DNA replication important for bacteria?
DNA carries information defining cell properties and processes
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34

What are the mechanisms that ensure accurate DNA replication?

Base selection, 3’-5’ exonuclease, mismatch repair

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35
What is the majority of bacterial genes transcribed into?
mRNA, up to 98% in E. coli
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36
Which ribosomal RNA species are produced from bacterial genes?
5S, 16S, 23S
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37
What is the function of transfer RNA in bacteria?
Decoding mRNA into functional proteins
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38
What influences the frequency of transcription initiation in bacteria?
DNA sequence of the promoter site, DNA supercoiling, presence of regulatory proteins
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39
What is the role of the sigma factor in transcription?
It is a component of RNA polymerase important for promoter recognition
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40
What are the two types of bacterial gene arrangements in terms of transcription?
Monocistronic and polycistronic
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41
Why is polycistronic gene arrangement important in bacteria?
It ensures the simultaneous and correct synthesis of protein subunits for enzyme complexes or specific biological processes
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42
How does gene expression regulation affect bacterial adaptation?
It helps bacteria adapt to changes in their environment and conserve metabolic energy
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43
How can gene expression be altered in bacteria?
By changing the amount of mRNA transcription or the efficiency of RNA polymerase binding to the promoter site
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44
What is positive gene regulation in bacteria?
It increases the rate of transcription by binding activator proteins to the operator site
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45
What is negative gene regulation in bacteria?
It inhibits transcription by binding repressor proteins to the operator site
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46
What is the role of regulons in gene regulation?
They involve the coordinated regulation of multiple genes by the same regulatory protein
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47
How does translation occur in bacteria?
Ribosomes bind to specific mRNA sequences, start translation at the AUG codon, elongate the polypeptide chain, and terminate at the stop codon
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